Ch. 12 soc psych

Question 1

social psychology

Answer 1

Influence of real, imagined or implied presence of others on the person’s THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, BEHAVIOR

Question 2

social Influence

Answer 2

Process through which the real or implied presence of
others can directly or indirectly influence the
thoughts, feelings and behavior of an individual

Conformity:
* changing one’s own behavior to match that of other
people

Question 3

Social Cognition

Answer 3

Ways in which people think about other people.

Question 4

Social Interaction

Answer 4

– Positive and negative aspects of people relating to
others.

Question 5

Asch’s Study

Answer 5

Conformity increased with each new
confederate un5l there were 4 confederates.
(More than that did not increase par5cipants’
tendency to conform)
* Conformity decreased if there was at least 1
person who gave the correct answer.
* Culture & Era played a rol

Question 6

Groupthink

Answer 6

occurs when people place more
importance on maintaining group
cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of
the problem with which the group is
concerned

Question 7

Characteristics of Groupthink

Answer 7

Invulnerability –Members feel they cannot fail.
Rationalization–Members explain away warning signs and help each other rationalize their decision.
Lack of Introspection– Members do not examine the ethical implications of their decisions because they believe that they cannot make immoral choices.
Stereotyping– Members stereotype/label their enemies as weak, stupid, or unreasonable.
Pressure –Members pressure each other not to question the prevailing opinion.
Lack of disagreement –Members do not express opinions that differ from the group consensus.
Self-deception Members share in the illusion that they all agree with the decision.
Insularity –Members prevent the group from hearing disruptive but potentially
useful information from people who are outside the group.

Question 8

Group polarization

Answer 8

members involved in a
group discussion tend to take somewhat more
extreme posi5ons and suggest riskier ac5ons
when than do individuals who have not
par5cipated in a group discussion

Question 9

Social facilitation

Answer 9

positive influence
of others on performance

Question 10

Social impairment

Answer 10

negative influence
of others on
performance

Question 11

social loafing

Answer 11

other’s presence leads to less effort
–>i.e. freeloading off group work

Question 12

Deindividuation

Answer 12

a lessening of one’s sense of
personal identity and personal responsibility
– groups or crowds can offer a sense of anonymity

Question 13

Compliance

Answer 13

changing one’s behavior as a result of other
people directing or asking for the change

Question 14

Consumer psychology

Answer 14

branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace, including
compliance

Question 15

Techniques of compliance

Answer 15

• Foot-in-the-door technique: asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance,
  asking for a bigger commitment
• Door-in-the-face technique: asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment
  – Norm of reciprocity
• Lowball technique: getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost of that commitment

Question 16

Obedience

Answer 16

Changing one’s behavior at the command of
an authority figure

Question 17

Milgram’s Obedience Study

Answer 17

an authority figure ordered participants to deliver what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to another person
–results suggested that people are highly influenced by authority, and highly obedient.
-the higher the voltage, the more agony experienced (expressed by learner’s script)

Question 18

Social Cognition

Answer 18

the mental processes that people use to make
sense of the social world around them

Question 19

Attitude

Answer 19

The tendency to respond posi5vely or
negatively toward a certain person, object,
idea, or situation
–>Formed through experiences and interactions with people.
–> Attitudes are often poor predictors of behavior unless the attitude is very specific or very strong

Question 20

3 components of attitude

Answer 20

affective, cognitive, behavioral

Question 21

How are attitudes formed?

Answer 21

vicarious conditioning: watching the ac5ons
and reactions of others to ideas, people,
objects, and situations
–> direct interactions with people and instructions by people

Question 22

Persuasion

Answer 22

the process by which one person
tries to change the belief, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through argument, pleading, or explanation

Question 23

key elements in persuasion?

Answer 23

message, source of message, target audience, medium/way of persuasion

Question 24

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 24

people more likely to predict the future actions of someone if they elaborate
–> people will either elaborate on the persuasive
message or fail to elaborate on it

Question 25

central-route processing

Answer 25

involves amending to the
content of the message itself
–> the speaker is clear
–> paying attention

Question 26

peripheral-route processing

Answer 26

attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the expertise of the source of the message, the length of the message, and other non-content factors
–> talk is too long
–> person knows what they’re talking about

Question 27

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 27

sense of discomfort or
distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s impression

Question 28

how is cognitive dissonance reduced?

Answer 28

changing the conflicting behavior,
changing the conflicting attitude, or forming a new attitude to justify the behavior

Question 29

Festinger’s Study (1957)

Answer 29

• Subjects will be told that
  they will be participating in a two-hour
  experiment.
• The subject will be shown the first task which involves putting 12 spool into a tray, emptying it again, refilling the tray and so on.
• “You will be paid ($1 or
  $20

Question 30

Impression formation

Answer 30

forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person

Question 31

primacy effect

Answer 31

very first impression persists despite evidence of the contrary over time

Question 32

social categorization

Answer 32

the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characteristics the new person has in common with other people with whom one
has had experience in the past

–> stereotypes: a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category

Question 33

Implicit personality theory:

Answer 33

sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are related to each other

Implicit Association Test (IAT): measures the degree of association between concepts
i.e. word association

Question 34

Schemas

Answer 34

mental patterns that represent what a
person believes about certain types of people

Question 35

Attribution

Answer 35

the process of explaining one’s
own behavior and the behavior of others

Question 36

Attribution theory

Answer 36

how we attribute feelings and intentions to people to understand their behavior.
–> unconsciously apply this theory when we see someone shouting on public transport & assume they’re a hostile and angry person usually

Question 37

Situational cause

Answer 37

cause of behavior attributed
to external factors
–delays
–others’ actions

Question 38

Dispositional cause

Answer 38

cause of behavior
attributed to internal factors
-personality
-character

Question 39

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 39

the tendency to overestimate the
influence of internal factors in determining
behavior while underestimating situational
factors

Question 40

Prejudice

Answer 40

negative attitude held by a person
about the members of a particular social
group

Question 41

Discrimination

Answer 41

treating people differently because of prejudice toward the social group
to which they belong

Question 42

in-groups

Answer 42

social groups with whom a person
identifies

Question 43

out-groups

Answer 43

social groups with whom a
person does not identify with

Question 44

Scapegoating

Answer 44

tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members
who have limited social power or influence

Question 45

Social cognitive theory

Answer 45

views prejudice as an attitude acquired through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influences

Question 46

Social identity theory

Answer 46

the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison

Question 47

social identity

Answer 47

the part of the self-concept
including one’s view of self as a member of a
particular social category

Question 48

social comparison

Answer 48

the comparison of oneself to
others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem

Question 49

Stereotype vulnerability

Answer 49

the effect that people’s awareness
of the stereotypes associated
with their social group has on
their behavior

Question 50

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 50

the tendency of one’s expectations to affect one’s behavior in such a way as to make the expectation more likely to occur

see also: Jared

Question 51

Equal status contact

Answer 51

contact between groups
in which the groups have equal status, with
neither group having power over the other

Question 52

“Jigsaw classroom”

Answer 52

educational technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, forcing individuals to work together to find
the solution

Question 53

Interpersonal attraction

Answer 53

liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person

–physical attraction
–proximity
-people like people who are similar to themselves
OR who are different from themselves
(complementary)
– reciprocity of liking: tendency of people to like other people who like them in return

Question 54

Love

Answer 54

a strong affection for another person
due to kinship, personal ties, sexual attraction,admiration, or common interests

components (Sternberg): intimacy, passion, commitment

Question 55

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

Answer 55

intimacy. passion, commitment combine to make diff types of love: liking, infatuation, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love

OR:
1. Eros :High passion, chemistry ,Intense & sudden love

2. Storge: Believes that friendship is most important ,Sees partner as best friend, Comfortable love based on compatibility
3. Ludus :Playful lovestyle, Sees love as game; not interested in commitment, Wants to chase & be chased; When relationship isn’t fun anymore, it’s run its course
4. Pragma:Practical love,Based on criteria, Practical approach to romantic relationship
   (i.e. dating apps with prompts (Bumble)

5.Mania: Highest of highs or in depths of despair, Super happy with partner or questioning relationship, Tests & games to evaluate commitment

6. Agape :Selfless, unconditional love, Combo of storge & eros

Question 56

Aggression

Answer 56

behavior intended to hurt or destroy
another person

Question 57

What was the purpose of aggression proposed by Konrad Lorenz?

Answer 57

aggression as an instinct for
fighting to promote the survival of our species
* Biological influences on aggression may include
genetics, the amygdala and limbic system, and testosterone and serotonin levels

Question 58

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 58

aggression as reaction to frustration
-heat, pain, irritation

Question 59

social role

Answer 59

the pattern of behavior that is
expected of a person who is in a particular
social posi5on

Question 60

Altruism

Answer 60

socially desirable behavior that is done with
no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself

Question 61

Bystander effect

Answer 61

the effect that the presence
of other people has on the decision to help or not help

Question 62

What happened in the case of Kitty Genovese?

Answer 62

murdered and it was widely reported that numerous witnesses to the murder – as many as 38 – failed to intervene

Question 63

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 63

a person fails to take responsibility for action or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility

–> people who were alone were more likely to help in an emergency than people who were with others (Latané and Darley)

Question 64

5 steps to be a more proactive bystander

Answer 64

-noticing
– defining an emergency
– taking responsibility
– planning a course of action
– taking action

Question 65

Social neuroscience

Answer 65

the study of how biological processes influence social behavior
– studies use fMRI and other imaging techniques to discover areas of the brain involved in social actions