ch6 - cardivascular and circulatory systems Flashcards
functions of the heart
pump blood, route blood, regulate blood supply
root - stin
partition
root - pariet
wll
root - pulmon
lung
root - viscer
internal organs
atrial systole
when atria contract
ventricular distole
when ventricles relax
sinotrial node (SA node)
initials electrical signal that will cause the heartbeat.
atrioventricular node (AV node)
electrical gateway to the ventricles. Electrical signals from the sA node spread out through the atria and rejoin at AV node. Signals leave AV node and travel to ventricular myocardium where the stimulate the ventricular myocardium to contract, creating your heartbeat.
root - atri/o
entrance / atrium
root - ventricul
ventricle
atrioventricular
pertaining to both atrium and ventricles
diastole
dilation of heart cavities during which they fill with blood
root - sin/o
sinus
systole
contraction of the heart muscle
interatrial septum
thin muscle wall separating the two atrium
interventricular septum
thicker muscle wall dividing the two ventricles
AV valves
control blood flow between the atria and ventricles. THEY ONLY OPEN WHEN THE ATRIA ARE IN SYSTOLE, DURING VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE
Semilunar valves
control the blood flow between the right ventricle, and pulmonary artery, and between the left ventricle and aorta. THEY ONLY OPEN WHEN THE VENTRICLES ARE IN SYSTOLE, DURING ATRIAL DIASTOLE.
root - cusp
point
suffix - id
having a particular quality
bicuspid
having to points, a bicuspid heart valve has two flaps. (mitral valve)
interatrial
between the atria of the heart
interventricical
between the ventricles of the heart
mitral
shaped like the headdress of the catholic bishop
septum
a thin wall dividing two cavities
tricuspid
having three points, tricuspid of the heart has three flaps
vena cava // venae cavae (pfl)
one of the largest veins in the body
two largest veins in the body (superio and inferior)
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
capillaries
vessels that allow for gases nutrients and wastes to leave and enter the blood
veins
carry blood back to the heart
two major circulations
pulmonary and systemic
systemic circulation path
beings with largest artery, the aorta, and ends with the largest veins, superior and inferior venae cavae
supples oxygenated blood to every organ except the lungs, and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
pulmonary circulation path
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs the CO2, waste material from the bodys tissues is exchanged for oxygen from inhaled air. Oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins back to the left side of the heart.
functions of the circulatory system
transportation
homeostasis maintenance
blood pressure regulation
arterioles
smaller branch arteries that lead to the capillaries to distribute blood to specific organs
coronary circulation
system of arteries directly from the aorta to suplly the heart with oxygenated blood and nutrients.
capillaries and capillary beds
red blood cells flow in single file through the small capillaries, from there tiny venules accept the blood and merge to form veins.
Major types of veins
superficial - can see under skin
deep - run parallel to arteries
venous sinuses - in the head and heart
aorta
main trunk of the systemic arterial system
artery
thick walled blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart.
root - capill
hairlike strutcture
suffix - ole
small
root - arteri
artery
vein
blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart
root - ven
vein
suffix - ule
small
bradycardia
a heartrate slower than 60
sinus rhytm
is the term used to describe the normal heartbeat
60-80 beats per minute
tachycardia
a heart rate faster than 100
arrhythmia
an abnormal cardiac rhythm
dysrhythmia
an abnormal cardiac rhythm
types of arhythmia
premature beats - often in elderly, associated w caffeine and stress
atrial fibrillation (a-fib) two atria quiver rather than contract correctly causing blood to pol in atria and sometimes clot
ventricular tachycardia rapid heartbeat ocuring in ventricles, often resulting in loss of pulse
ventricular arhythmia - premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)» extra impusesl from a ventracle
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)»_space;ventricles lose control quivering instead of pumping
heart block interference in cardiac electrical conduction prevents atrial contractions from coordinating with ventricular contracton.
palpitations - brief but unpleasant sensations of a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Can be brought on by exercise anxiet and stimulants like caffeine
murmur
abnormal heart sound heard with a stethoscope when a valve closes or opens abnormally
prefix - a
without
prefix - brady
slow
fibrillation
uncontrolled quivering or twitching of the heart muscle
palpitation
forcible rapid beat of the heart felt by the patient
root - palpit
throb
prefix - tachy
rapid
vital signs (VS)
a procedure during a physical examination in which temperature pulse respiration and blood pressure measured to assess general health and cardiorespiratory function.
mitral valve sentosis
can ocur from rheumatic fever or birth defect.
left atrium experiences a constant accumulation of excess blood and becomes dilated (enlarged) eventually chronic heart failure results.
heart valve incompetence
heart valve cannot fully close, allowing blood to leak or regurgitate flow back throuhgh the valve to the heart chamber from which it came
heart valve malfunctions
stenosis
incompetence or insuficiency
heart valve stenosis
the valve cannot fully open and its openning is narrowed/constrited. Because blood cannot flow freely through the valve it accumulates in the chamber behind the valve causing an increase in pressure in the region, immediatley prior to the stenosis.
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
occurs when the cusps of the valve bulge back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. blood will flow back into the atrium
cor pulmonale
failure of the right ventricle to pump properly. Almost any chronic lung disease causing low blood oxygen (hypoxia) can cause this disorder. malfunctions of valves on the right side of the heart are much less common than those of the left.
aortic valve stenosis
common in elderly
aortic valve insufficiency
produces few symtoms other than murmur, eventually left ventricle is unable to cope with excess volume of blood and fails.
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle, the myocardium.
suffix - megaly
enlargement
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner heart lining
exudate
fluid that has passed out of a tissue or capillaries as a result of inflammation or injury
prefix -ex
out of
root - sude
sweat
root - trophy
development
hypertrophy
increase in size but not in number of an individual tissue element.
myocarditis
inflammation of the heart muscle
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium, outer covering of the heart
prolapse
an organ slips out of its normal position
root - gurgit
flood
regurgitate
to flow backward, ie blood through a heart valve
prefix - re
back
root - sten/o
narrow
root - tampon
plug
suffix - sis
abnormal condition
suffix - ade
a process
tamponade
pathologic compression of an organ such as the heart
stenosis
narrowing of a canal or passage.
hypertension (HTN)
results from prolonged elevated blood pressure in the arteries which forces the ventricles to work harder to pump.
high blood pressure 130/80 up
normal blood pressure 120/80
how to read blood pressure measurement
top is systolic pressure, blood pressure when the hear is contracting.
bottom diastolic pressure, blood pressure when heart rate is relaxed
normal blood pressure 120/80
primary/essential hypertention
most common hypertension
cause/etiology is unkown/idiopathic
etiology
cause of a condition or disease
idiopathic
unknown cause of a disease or condition
secondary hypertension
results from other diseases like kidney disease, atherosclerosis, hyperthyroidism
malignant hypertension
rare, severe, life threatening form of hypertension that involves a sudden extreme increase in blood pressure causing organ damage.
congenital heart disease (CHD)
result of abnormal development of the heart in the fetus. common defects can usually be surgically repaired
congestive heart failure (CHF)
the heart is unable to produce enough cardiac output to meet the bodys metabolic needs and the lbood backs up to congest the lungs.
can arise from:
cardiac ischemia
severe hypoertension
valvular regurgitation
aortic stenosis
cardiomyopathy
common congenital heart diseases
1 atrial septal defect (ASD) - a hole in the interatrial septum
2 ventricular septal defect (VSD) a gap in the interventricular septum
3 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) pathway between the pulmonary arter and aorta that arises from a failure of the ductus arteriosus to close within 24 hours of birth
4 coarctation of the aorta - narrowing of the aorta anywhere along its length.
5 tetralogy of fallot (TOF) syndrome in which four congenital heart defects prevent enough blood from reaching the lungs.
coarctation
constriction or stenosis, particularly of the aorta.
root - coarct
press together, narrow
congenital
present at birth
root - genit
bring forth
prefix - con
together with
cyanosis
blue discoloration of the skin lips and nail beds due to low blood oxygen
suffix - osis
a condition
root - idi/o
unknown
root - path
disease
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
Phelbitis
inflammation of the vein
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of the lining of a vein, allowing clots (thrombi) to form
edema
collection of fluid in the tissues
embolous
formed thrombus that has broken off and carried in the bloodstream to another organ where it can block blood flow (thromboembolism)
varix
varices
varicose veins
dilated torturuous vein
superficial veins that have lost their elasticity and appear swollen and tortuous
collateral circulation
blood flows through alternative routes
aneurysm
localized dilation of an artery
can rupture leading to severe bleeding and hypovolemic shock
intracranial aneurysms
aneurysm that causes bleeding into the cranial cavity and brain tissue.
thromboangitis obliterans (buerger disease)
inflammatory disease of the arters with clot formation, usually in the legs
claudication
intermittent leg pain
raynauds disease
episodes of spasm of the small arteries suppling the fingers hands and feet
carotid artery disease
affects the carotid arteries - the two ajro arteries supplying the brain which can be affected by arteriosclerosis and the deposition of plaque, placing patient at risk for a stroke.
prefix - col
before
root -claudic
limping
root - later
side
root - peripher
outer part
peripheral
pertaining to the periphery or an external boundry
root - phleb
vein
phlebitis
inflammation of the vein
root -thromb/o
clot
root - embol
plug
thromboembolism
a piece of detached blood clot blocking a distant blood vessel
root - varic
varicosity
diaphoresis
sweat perspiration
