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CBD_MT > ch6 - cardivascular and circulatory systems > Flashcards

ch6 - cardivascular and circulatory systems Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the heart

A

pump blood, route blood, regulate blood supply

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2
Q

root - stin

A

partition

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3
Q

root - pariet

A

wll

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4
Q

root - pulmon

A

lung

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5
Q

root - viscer

A

internal organs

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6
Q

atrial systole

A

when atria contract

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7
Q

ventricular distole

A

when ventricles relax

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8
Q

sinotrial node (SA node)

A

initials electrical signal that will cause the heartbeat.

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9
Q

atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

electrical gateway to the ventricles. Electrical signals from the sA node spread out through the atria and rejoin at AV node. Signals leave AV node and travel to ventricular myocardium where the stimulate the ventricular myocardium to contract, creating your heartbeat.

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10
Q

root - atri/o

A

entrance / atrium

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11
Q

root - ventricul

A

ventricle

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12
Q

atrioventricular

A

pertaining to both atrium and ventricles

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13
Q

diastole

A

dilation of heart cavities during which they fill with blood

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14
Q

root - sin/o

A

sinus

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15
Q

systole

A

contraction of the heart muscle

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16
Q

interatrial septum

A

thin muscle wall separating the two atrium

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17
Q

interventricular septum

A

thicker muscle wall dividing the two ventricles

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18
Q

AV valves

A

control blood flow between the atria and ventricles. THEY ONLY OPEN WHEN THE ATRIA ARE IN SYSTOLE, DURING VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE

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19
Q

Semilunar valves

A

control the blood flow between the right ventricle, and pulmonary artery, and between the left ventricle and aorta. THEY ONLY OPEN WHEN THE VENTRICLES ARE IN SYSTOLE, DURING ATRIAL DIASTOLE.

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20
Q

root - cusp

A

point

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21
Q

suffix - id

A

having a particular quality

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22
Q

bicuspid

A

having to points, a bicuspid heart valve has two flaps. (mitral valve)

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23
Q

interatrial

A

between the atria of the heart

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24
Q

interventricical

A

between the ventricles of the heart

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25
Q

mitral

A

shaped like the headdress of the catholic bishop

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26
Q

septum

A

a thin wall dividing two cavities

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27
Q

tricuspid

A

having three points, tricuspid of the heart has three flaps

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28
Q

vena cava // venae cavae (pfl)

A

one of the largest veins in the body

two largest veins in the body (superio and inferior)

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29
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

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30
Q

capillaries

A

vessels that allow for gases nutrients and wastes to leave and enter the blood

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31
Q

veins

A

carry blood back to the heart

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32
Q

two major circulations

A

pulmonary and systemic

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33
Q

systemic circulation path

A

beings with largest artery, the aorta, and ends with the largest veins, superior and inferior venae cavae
supples oxygenated blood to every organ except the lungs, and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

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34
Q

pulmonary circulation path

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs the CO2, waste material from the bodys tissues is exchanged for oxygen from inhaled air. Oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins back to the left side of the heart.

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35
Q

functions of the circulatory system

A

transportation
homeostasis maintenance
blood pressure regulation

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36
Q

arterioles

A

smaller branch arteries that lead to the capillaries to distribute blood to specific organs

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37
Q

coronary circulation

A

system of arteries directly from the aorta to suplly the heart with oxygenated blood and nutrients.

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38
Q

capillaries and capillary beds

A

red blood cells flow in single file through the small capillaries, from there tiny venules accept the blood and merge to form veins.

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39
Q

Major types of veins

A

superficial - can see under skin
deep - run parallel to arteries
venous sinuses - in the head and heart

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40
Q

aorta

A

main trunk of the systemic arterial system

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41
Q

artery

A

thick walled blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart.

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42
Q

root - capill

A

hairlike strutcture

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43
Q

suffix - ole

A

small

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44
Q

root - arteri

A

artery

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45
Q

vein

A

blood vessel carrying blood toward the heart

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46
Q

root - ven

A

vein

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47
Q

suffix - ule

A

small

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48
Q

bradycardia

A

a heartrate slower than 60

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48
Q

sinus rhytm

A

is the term used to describe the normal heartbeat
60-80 beats per minute

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49
Q

tachycardia

A

a heart rate faster than 100

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50
Q

arrhythmia

A

an abnormal cardiac rhythm

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51
Q

dysrhythmia

A

an abnormal cardiac rhythm

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52
Q

types of arhythmia

A

premature beats - often in elderly, associated w caffeine and stress

atrial fibrillation (a-fib) two atria quiver rather than contract correctly causing blood to pol in atria and sometimes clot

ventricular tachycardia rapid heartbeat ocuring in ventricles, often resulting in loss of pulse

ventricular arhythmia - premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)» extra impusesl from a ventracle
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)&raquo_space;ventricles lose control quivering instead of pumping

heart block interference in cardiac electrical conduction prevents atrial contractions from coordinating with ventricular contracton.

palpitations - brief but unpleasant sensations of a rapid or irregular heartbeat. Can be brought on by exercise anxiet and stimulants like caffeine

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53
Q

murmur

A

abnormal heart sound heard with a stethoscope when a valve closes or opens abnormally

54
Q

prefix - a

A

without

54
Q

prefix - brady

A

slow

55
Q

fibrillation

A

uncontrolled quivering or twitching of the heart muscle

56
Q

palpitation

A

forcible rapid beat of the heart felt by the patient

57
Q

root - palpit

A

throb

58
Q

prefix - tachy

A

rapid

59
Q

vital signs (VS)

A

a procedure during a physical examination in which temperature pulse respiration and blood pressure measured to assess general health and cardiorespiratory function.

60
Q

mitral valve sentosis

A

can ocur from rheumatic fever or birth defect.
left atrium experiences a constant accumulation of excess blood and becomes dilated (enlarged) eventually chronic heart failure results.

61
Q

heart valve incompetence

A

heart valve cannot fully close, allowing blood to leak or regurgitate flow back throuhgh the valve to the heart chamber from which it came

61
Q

heart valve malfunctions

A

stenosis
incompetence or insuficiency

62
Q

heart valve stenosis

A

the valve cannot fully open and its openning is narrowed/constrited. Because blood cannot flow freely through the valve it accumulates in the chamber behind the valve causing an increase in pressure in the region, immediatley prior to the stenosis.

63
Q

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

occurs when the cusps of the valve bulge back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts. blood will flow back into the atrium

64
Q

cor pulmonale

A

failure of the right ventricle to pump properly. Almost any chronic lung disease causing low blood oxygen (hypoxia) can cause this disorder. malfunctions of valves on the right side of the heart are much less common than those of the left.

64
Q

aortic valve stenosis

A

common in elderly

64
Q

aortic valve insufficiency

A

produces few symtoms other than murmur, eventually left ventricle is unable to cope with excess volume of blood and fails.

65
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

66
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle, the myocardium.

67
Q

suffix - megaly

A

enlargement

68
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner heart lining

69
Q

exudate

A

fluid that has passed out of a tissue or capillaries as a result of inflammation or injury

70
Q

prefix -ex

A

out of

71
Q

root - sude

A

sweat

72
Q

root - trophy

A

development

73
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size but not in number of an individual tissue element.

74
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscle

75
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium, outer covering of the heart

76
Q

prolapse

A

an organ slips out of its normal position

77
Q

root - gurgit

A

flood

78
Q

regurgitate

A

to flow backward, ie blood through a heart valve

78
Q

prefix - re

A

back

79
Q

root - sten/o

A

narrow

80
Q

root - tampon

A

plug

81
Q

suffix - sis

A

abnormal condition

82
Q

suffix - ade

A

a process

83
Q

tamponade

A

pathologic compression of an organ such as the heart

84
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing of a canal or passage.

85
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

results from prolonged elevated blood pressure in the arteries which forces the ventricles to work harder to pump.
high blood pressure 130/80 up
normal blood pressure 120/80

86
Q

how to read blood pressure measurement

A

top is systolic pressure, blood pressure when the hear is contracting.
bottom diastolic pressure, blood pressure when heart rate is relaxed
normal blood pressure 120/80

87
Q

primary/essential hypertention

A

most common hypertension
cause/etiology is unkown/idiopathic

88
Q

etiology

A

cause of a condition or disease

89
Q

idiopathic

A

unknown cause of a disease or condition

90
Q

secondary hypertension

A

results from other diseases like kidney disease, atherosclerosis, hyperthyroidism

91
Q

malignant hypertension

A

rare, severe, life threatening form of hypertension that involves a sudden extreme increase in blood pressure causing organ damage.

92
Q

congenital heart disease (CHD)

A

result of abnormal development of the heart in the fetus. common defects can usually be surgically repaired

93
Q

congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

the heart is unable to produce enough cardiac output to meet the bodys metabolic needs and the lbood backs up to congest the lungs.
can arise from:
cardiac ischemia
severe hypoertension
valvular regurgitation
aortic stenosis
cardiomyopathy

94
Q

common congenital heart diseases

A

1 atrial septal defect (ASD) - a hole in the interatrial septum

2 ventricular septal defect (VSD) a gap in the interventricular septum

3 patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) pathway between the pulmonary arter and aorta that arises from a failure of the ductus arteriosus to close within 24 hours of birth

4 coarctation of the aorta - narrowing of the aorta anywhere along its length.

5 tetralogy of fallot (TOF) syndrome in which four congenital heart defects prevent enough blood from reaching the lungs.

95
Q

coarctation

A

constriction or stenosis, particularly of the aorta.

96
Q

root - coarct

A

press together, narrow

97
Q

congenital

A

present at birth

98
Q

root - genit

A

bring forth

99
Q

prefix - con

A

together with

100
Q

cyanosis

A

blue discoloration of the skin lips and nail beds due to low blood oxygen

101
Q

suffix - osis

A

a condition

102
Q

root - idi/o

A

unknown

103
Q

root - path

A

disease

104
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

105
Q

Phelbitis

A

inflammation of the vein

106
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of the lining of a vein, allowing clots (thrombi) to form

107
Q

edema

A

collection of fluid in the tissues

108
Q

embolous

A

formed thrombus that has broken off and carried in the bloodstream to another organ where it can block blood flow (thromboembolism)

109
Q

varix
varices
varicose veins

A

dilated torturuous vein
superficial veins that have lost their elasticity and appear swollen and tortuous

110
Q

collateral circulation

A

blood flows through alternative routes

111
Q

aneurysm

A

localized dilation of an artery

can rupture leading to severe bleeding and hypovolemic shock

112
Q

intracranial aneurysms

A

aneurysm that causes bleeding into the cranial cavity and brain tissue.

113
Q

thromboangitis obliterans (buerger disease)

A

inflammatory disease of the arters with clot formation, usually in the legs

114
Q

claudication

A

intermittent leg pain

115
Q

raynauds disease

A

episodes of spasm of the small arteries suppling the fingers hands and feet

116
Q

carotid artery disease

A

affects the carotid arteries - the two ajro arteries supplying the brain which can be affected by arteriosclerosis and the deposition of plaque, placing patient at risk for a stroke.

117
Q

prefix - col

A

before

117
Q

root -claudic

A

limping

118
Q

root - later

A

side

119
Q

root - peripher

A

outer part

120
Q

peripheral

A

pertaining to the periphery or an external boundry

121
Q

root - phleb

A

vein

121
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of the vein

122
Q

root -thromb/o

A

clot

123
Q

root - embol

A

plug

124
Q

thromboembolism

A

a piece of detached blood clot blocking a distant blood vessel

125
Q

root - varic

A

varicosity

126
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweat perspiration

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