Ch2 - composition of body and cells Flashcards
zygote
the origin of every cell in the body
the result of fertilization of an egg by a sperm
conception
the result of fertilization of an egg by a sperm
root - fertiliz
to make fruitful
fertilization
union of male sperm and female egg
fertilize
penetration of the egg by the sperm
suffix - ule
small
root - molec
mass
molecule
very small particle consisting of two or more atoms held tightly together
molecular
pertaining to a molecule
root - organ
structure with specific function in a body system
organelle
part of cell having specialized functions
suffix - elle
small
organism
any whole living plant or animal
suffix - ism
condition or process
tissue
collection of similar cells
zygote
as a zygote divides it carries out these basic life functions:
1 manufacture proteins and lipids
2 production and use of energy
3 communication with other cells
4 replication of DNA
5 reproduction of itself
organelle
small structures of the cytoplasm that cary out special metabolic tasks
nucleus
functional center of a cell that directs the cells activities, forms the 46 chromosomes from DNA
nucleolus
small mass found in the nucleus composed of DNA and is involved in the manufacture of proteins from simple materials in a process called anabolism
anabolism
the buildup of complex substances in the cell from simpler ones (proteins from simple materials)
mitochondria
produce energy by breaking down compouds like glucose and fat in a process called catabol
root - anabol
build up
root - catabol
break down
catabolism
the breakdown of complex substances into simpler ones as part of metabolism
root - chrom/o
color
chromosome
body in the nucleus that contains DNA genes
suffix - ism
process or condition
root - cyt/o
cell
suffix - plasm
something formed
cytoplasm
clear gelatinous substance that forms the substance of a cell except for the nucleus
deoxyribonucleic acid
source of hereditary characteristics found in chromosomes
suffix - lyte
soluble
electrolyte
substance that when dissolved in a suitable medium forms electrically charged particles
root - plasm
something formed
root - reticul
fine net, network
suffix - um
structure
prefix - endo
inside
endoplasmic reticulum
structure inside a cell that synthesizes steroids, detoxifies drugs, and manufactures cell membranes
hormon
chemical formed in one tissue or organ and carried by the blood to stimulate or inhibit a function of another tissue or organ
prefix - intra
within
root - cellul
small cell
intracellular
within the cell
lipid
general term for all types of fatty compounds ie cholesterol, triglycerides and fatty acids
root - membran
cover skin
metabolism
the constantly changing physical and chemical process occurring in the cell that are the sum of anabolism and catabolism
root - metabol
change
root - mit/o
thread
root - chondr
granule
mitochondria
(plural of mitochondrion) organelles that generate store and release energy for cell activities
nuclear
pertaining to a nucleus
protein
class of food substance based on amino acids
ribonucleic acid RNA
the information carrier from DNA in the nucleus to an organelle to produce protein molecules
root - ster
solid
suffix - oid
resembling
steroid
large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components
karyotype
picure of human chromosomes lined up in pairs
DNA is composed of
adenosine
cytosine
guanine
thymine
nucleotide
base formation of a sugar and phosphate
chromatin
DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division
root - chrom/a
color
prefix - de
without
prefix - oxy
oxygen
root - ribo
ribose
root - nucle
nucleus
root - acid
acid, low ph
epigenetics
the study of disorders produced by the effects of chemical compounds or environmental influences on genes
gene
the function unit of heredity on a chromosome
root - gen
to create
root - ome
body
genome
a complete set of chromosomes
helix
a spiral of necleotides in the structure of dna
root - heredit
inherited through genes
heredity
the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
hereditary
(adj) transmissible from parent to offspring
root - hist
tissue
suffix - one
chemical
histone
a simple protein found in the cell nucleus
karyotype
the chromosome characteristics of an individual cell
mitosis
cell division to create two identical cells each with 46 chromosomes
mutation
a permanent alteration in the nucleotide sequence of the genome
phenotype
manaifestation of a genome
root - pheno
appearance
cytogenetics
the study of chromosome abnormalities in a cell
gene therapy
technique to replace a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy
predictive medicine
looks at the probability of a disease
dysmorphology
study of developmental structural defects
prefix - dys
difficult, bad
root - morph/o
form
embryo
developing organism from conception to the end of the eighth week.
fetus
human organism from the end of the eighth week to birth
root - dict
consent
suffix - ive
quality of
therapy
systematic treatment of a disease, dysfunction, or disorder
theraputic
relating to the treatment of a disease
connective tissue
binds supports protects fills spaces and stores fat
epithelial tissue
protects secretes absobs and excretes
muscle tissue
tissue consisting of contractile cells
nervous tissue
transmit impulses for coordination, sensory reception, motor actions.
histology
the study of the structure and function of tissues
bones
the hardest connective tissue
cartilage
flexible rubbery tissue matix that allows it to function as a shock absorber and gliding surface (latin - gristle)
ligaments
strips or band of fibrous tissue made of collagen fibers that hold connect two structures (joints)
tendons
thick strong ligaments that attach muscles to bone (latin -sinew)
joint capsule
fibrous connective tissue surounding a join or other structure
cruciate
shaped like a cross
root - hist/o
tissue
matrix
substance that surrounds and protects cells, is manufactured by the cells, and holds them together
meniscus
disc of cartilage between the bones of a joint
nutrient
a substance in food required for normal physiologic function
sufix - ent
end result
root - nutri
nourish
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering a bone
root - oste
bone
synovial
pertaining to the synovial membrane or fluid
root - ovi
egg
organ
a structure composed of several tissues that work together to carry out specific functions.
organ system
a group of organs with a specific collective function ie digestion circulation respiration
urinary organ system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
11 organ systems
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervouse
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
digestive
respiratory
urinary
reproductive
integumentary organ system
skin hair nails sweat glands sebaceous glands
skeletal organ system
bones ligaments cartilage
muscular organ system
muscles
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
endocrine organ system
glands that secrete hormones: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal, thymus
cardiovascular organ system
heart, blood vessels
lymphatic organ system
lymph vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen
digestive organ system
mouth, tongue, teeth salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
respiratory organ system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
reproductive organ system
scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourthral glands, urethra, penis
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva
root - digest
break down food
root - crine
to secrete
digestion
breakdown of food into elements
endocrine
gland that produce an internal or hormonal substance
root - home/o
the same
suffix - stasis
standstill, control
root - integument
covering of the body
lymph
clear fluid collected from the body tissues and transported by lymph vessels to the venous circulation
nervous system
the whole integrated nerve apparatus
respiration
the process of breathing
skeleton
bone framework of the body
arthroscopy
therapeutic procedure to examine the inside of a joint
collagen
major protein of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone
root - coll/a
glue
anatomy
study of the structure of the human body
root - ana
apart from
suffix - tomy
process of separating
transverse
horizontal plane of the body - dividing across x axis
sagittal
vertical plane of the body dividing across y axis
frontal
vertical plan of the body dividing across z axis
coronal
vertical plan of the body dividing across z axis
root - anter
before, front part
caudal
pertaining to or near the tailbone
root - caud
tail
cephalic
pertaining to or near the head
root - cephal
head
root - coron
crown
distal
situated away from the body
root - dist
away from the center of the body
dorsal
pertaining to the back or situated behind
root -dors
back
root - infer
below
root - later
side
root - medi
middle
medial
near the middle of the body
root - poster
back part
prone
lying face down flat on your bell
proximal
situated nearest to the center of the body
root - proxim
nearest to the center
root -sagitt
arrow
root - super
above
supine
lying face up flat on your spine
ventral
pertaining to the belly or situated nearer the surface of the belly
root -ventr
belly
LUQ
LEFT UPPER QUADRANT
LLQ
LEFT LOWER QUADRANT
RLQ
RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
RUQ
RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT
CRANIAL CAVITY
contains the brain within the skull
cavaty
hollow space or body compartment
cranium
the skull
quadrant
one quarter of a circle, one of four regions
spine
the vertebral column or a short bony projection
thorax
the part of the trunk between the abdomen and the neck
umbilicus
pit in the abdomen where the umbilical cord entered the fetus
graft
transportation of living tissue
