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CBD_MT > Ch4 - The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch4 - The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Orthopedic Surgeons - Orthopedists

A

doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO’s) who deal with the prevention and correction of injuries of the skeletal system and associated muscles joints and ligaments.

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2
Q

Osteopathic physicians

A

earned a doctor of osteopathy degree and receive additional training in the musculoskeletal system and how it affects the whole body

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3
Q

Chiropractors

A

Focus on the manual adjustment of joints, particularly the spine to maintain and restore health

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4
Q

Physical therapists

A

evaluate and treat pain, disease, or injury by physical therapeutic measures as opposed to medical or surgical measures

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5
Q

Physical Therapist assitants

A

work under the direction of a physical therapist to assist patients with their physical therapy

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6
Q

orthopedic technologists / technicians

A

assist orthopedic surgeons in treating patients

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7
Q

podiatrists

A

are practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot.

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8
Q

Components of the skeletal system

A

bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments

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9
Q

cartilage

A

(latin - gristle) Nonvascular firm connective tissue found mostly in joints

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10
Q

Root - chir/o

A

hand

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11
Q

Root - pract

A

efficient or practical

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12
Q

suffix - or

A

doer

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13
Q

chiropractic

A

diagnosis treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system

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14
Q

detoxification

A

removing poison from a tissue or substance

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15
Q

suffix - fication

A

remove

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16
Q

root - toxi

A

poison

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17
Q

prefix - de

A

from. out of

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18
Q

ligament

A

band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures

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19
Q

muscle

A

a tissue consisting of cells that can contract

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20
Q

musculoskeletal

A

pertaining to the muscles and bony sekeleton

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21
Q

root - orth/o

A

straight

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22
Q

root - ped

A

child

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23
Q

orthopedic

A

pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system (originally most deformities treated were in children)

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24
Q

root - oste/o

A

bone

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25
Q

suffix - path or pathy

A

disease

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

osteopathy

A

medical practice based on. maintaining the balance of the body

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28
Q

tendon

A

fibrous band that connects muscle to bone

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29
Q

classification of bones

A

Long - longer than wider - main bones of limbs
Short - as long as they are wide - patella, wrists, ankles
Flat - skull and ribs
Irregular - vertebrate

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30
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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31
Q

Cortical bone

A

compact bone

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32
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of the long bone; provides increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons

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33
Q

Epiphysial plate

A

layers of cartilage cells between the diaphysis and epiphysis, that allow your bones to grow longer.

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34
Q

periosteum

A

strong membrane surrounding a bone — tough connective tissue sheath that covers the outer surface of all bones. Protects the bone and anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bones surface

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35
Q

medula

A

hollow cylindar in the diaphysis (shaft) contains bone marrow, fatty tissue

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36
Q

Classes of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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37
Q

Fibrous joints

A

two bones tightly bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space - the skull, tibia, fibula, teeth and their sockets

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38
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

joints joining two bones with cartilage - ribs, pubic bones in front of the pelvis

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39
Q

Synovial joints

A

joints contain synovial fluid as lubricant and allow considerable movement. The ends of those bones are covered with Hyaline articular cartilage. some have additional fibrocartilage (ie meniscus)

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40
Q

Bursa - bursae (pl)

A

A closed sac containing synovial fluid -
an extension of the synovial joint that forms a cushion between structure that otherwise rub against each other. - patellar tendon, patellar and tibial bones

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41
Q

suffix - ate

A

composed of

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41
Q

Root - articul

A

joint

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42
Q

suffix - ation

A

process

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43
Q

articulate

A

two separate bones have formed a join

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44
Q

articulation

A

a joint

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45
Q

Central canals - Haversian canals

A

Vertically running canals found in cortical bones, contain blood vessels and nerve fibers

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46
Q

root - cortic

A

cortex

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47
Q

Cortex - cortical

A

outer portion of an organ, such as bone pertaining to a cortex

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48
Q

Hyaline

A

cartilage that looks like frosted glass and contains fine collagen fibers

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49
Q

marrow

A

fatty blood forming tissue in cavities of long bones

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50
Q

meniscus - menisci (pl)

A

disc of cartilage between the bones of a joint

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51
Q

suture

A

a place where two bones are joined together by a fibrous band, continuous with their periosteum as in the skull

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52
Q

root - ov/i

A

egg

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53
Q

prefix - syn

A

together

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54
Q

synovial

A

pertaining to synovial fluid and synovial membrane

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55
Q

Structure of Axial Skeleton

A

Vertebral column
skull
rib cage

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56
Q

function of the axial skeleton

A

upright axis - protects the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs

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57
Q

Sections of vertebral colum

A

26 bones divided into five regions
Cervical - 7 vertebrae C1-C7
Thoracic- 12 vertebrae - T1-T12
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae L1-L5
Sacral - 5 bones fused into 1 (sacrum
Coccyx - 4 small bones fused into 1 - tailbone

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58
Q

invertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage found in the axial skeleton; inhibits the invertebral space between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and provide support and cushioning

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59
Q

root - cervic

A

neck

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60
Q

coccyx

A

small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column

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61
Q

disc

A

flattened round structure in the skeletal system; flattend round fibrocartilaginous structure between bones

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62
Q

foramen - foramina (pl)

A

an opening through a structure

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63
Q

invertebral

A

located between two vertebrae

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64
Q

root - vertebr

A

vertebra

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65
Q

prefix - inter

A

between

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66
Q

lumbar

A

the region of teh back and sides between the ribs and pelvis

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67
Q

sacrum

A

segment of the vertebral column that forms the pelvis

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68
Q

root - thorac

A

chest

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69
Q

Cranium

A

the upper part of the skull that encloses the cranial cavity and protects the brain - consists of 8 bones

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70
Q

Bones of the cranium

A

Frontal - forehead, roofs of eye socket, part of cranial floor, pair right left frontal sinus
Parietal - bulging sides of the roof of cranium
Occipital - back of and part of the base of cranium
Temporal - sides and part of the base of cranium
Sphenoid - part of the base of the cranium and orbits
Ethmoid - hollow and forms part of the nose, orbits, and ethmoid sinuses (air cells)

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71
Q

Facial Bones

A

Maxillary - upper jaw (maxilla), holds upper teeth, hollow forming maxillary sinuses
Palatine - located behind the maxilla, can not be seen on a lateral view of skull
Zygomatic - cheekbones
Lacrimal - medial wall of each eye orbit
Nasal - form the sides and bridge of nose
Mandible - lower jaw bone -

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72
Q

tempromandibular joint (TMJ)

A

between the temporal bone and the mandibleMANDIBLE ARTICULATE WITH THE TEMPORAL BONE TO FORM THIS

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73
Q

root - ethm

A

sieve

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74
Q

suffix - oid

A

resembling

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75
Q

root - crani

A

skull

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76
Q

root - lacrim

A

tears

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77
Q

root - pariet

A

wall

78
Q

root - sphen

A

wedge

79
Q

root - tempor

A

time, temple

80
Q

ethmoid bone

A

bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells

81
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

bones and joints of your pectoral shoulder; connects your axial skeleton to your upper limbs

Scapulae
Clavicles
Acromion
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

82
Q

Humerus

A

bone of the upper arm

83
Q

Acromion

A

lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint

84
Q

Acromioclavicular

A

the joint between the acromion and the clavicle

85
Q

Clavicle

A

Collar bone - curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle

86
Q

Carpus

A

the eight carpal bones of the wrist

87
Q

metacarpal

A

the five bones between the carpus and the fingers

88
Q

capitulum

A

small head or rounded extremity of a bone

89
Q

root - capit/u

A

small head

90
Q

suffix - lum

A

small structure

91
Q

eponym

A

a procedure or diagnosis with a name derived from its founder

92
Q

olecranon

A

prominent proximal extremity of ulna (elbow)

93
Q

prefix - meta

A

after, subsequent to

94
Q

root - carp/o

A

bones f the wrist

95
Q

root - phalang/e

A

phalanx, finger or toe

96
Q

metacarpophalangeal

A

the joints between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges

97
Q

root - pector

A

chest

98
Q

phalanx

A

one of the bones of the digits (fingers or toes)

99
Q

root - pronat

A

bend down

100
Q

Prone - pronate

A

lying face down on the belly

101
Q

pronation

A

process of lying face down or turning a hand or foot with the volar (palm/sole) surface face down

102
Q

radius

A

the forearm bone on the thumb side

103
Q

root - supinate

A

bend backward

104
Q

supination

A

process of lying face upward or turning hand or foot so the palm or sol is facing up

105
Q

scapula - scapulae (pl) - scapular

A

shoulder blade

106
Q

trochlea

A

smooth articular surface of bone on which another glides

107
Q

root - trochle

A

pulley

108
Q

ulna

A

medial and larger bone of the forearm

109
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

two hip bones - fusion of three bones, ilium ischium and pubis
symphysis pubis
sacrum

110
Q

Labrum

A

articular cartilage that forms a rim around the hip joint socket

110
Q

acetabulum

A

cup shaped cavity of the hip bone that recieves the head of the femur to form the hip joint

111
Q

femur - femoral

A

thigh bone

112
Q

ilim

A

large wing shaped bone at the upper and poster part of the pelvis

113
Q

ischium - ischia (pl). - ischial

A

lower and posterior part of the hip joint

114
Q

pelvis

A

basin shaped ring of bones, ligaments, and muscles at the base of the spine

115
Q

pubis - pubic

A

alternative name for the hip bone

116
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

the joint between the sacrum and the ilium

117
Q

the knee joint

A

femur
tibia
patella
fibula

118
Q

ligaments that hold the knee together

A

medial collateral ligaments
lateral collateral ligaments
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament

119
Q

calcaneus - calcaneal

A

bone of the tarsus that forms the heel

120
Q

collateral

A

situated at the side, often to bybass an obstruction

121
Q

root - later

A

side

122
Q

prefix - co

A

together

123
Q

cruciate

A

shaped like a cross, two internal ligaments of the knee joint

124
Q

fibula - fibular

A

the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

125
Q

metatarsus - metatarsal

A

the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and phallanges

126
Q

patella - patellae (pl) - petellar

A

kneecap - circular thin bone in front of the kne joint embedded in the patellar tendon

127
Q

prepatellar

A

in front of the patella

128
Q

talus

A

the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle

129
Q

tarsus - tarsal

A

the collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle instep

130
Q

tibia

A

larger bone of the lower leg

131
Q

osteopenia

A

low bone density - decreased calcification

132
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone density

133
Q

osteomyelitis

A

an inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by bacterial infection such as staphylococcus

134
Q

ostemalacia

A

a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency where the calcium lacking bones become soft and flexible and become bowed (also called rickets)

135
Q

achondroplasia

A

long bones stop growing in childhood, but axial bones are not affected (dwarfism)

136
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta (oi)

A

rare genetic disorder producing very brittle bones that are easily fracture or broken, often in utero

137
Q

Bone cancer forms

A

osteogenic sarcoma - occurs in bone cells around the knees in adolescents
ewing sarcoma - often in children and adolescents
chondrosarcoma - arises in cartilage cells often in the pelvises of older people

138
Q

suffix - plasia

A

formation

139
Q

root - chondr/o

A

cartilage

140
Q

suffix - malacia

A

abnormal softness

141
Q

root - myel

A

bone marrow

142
Q

root - por/o

A

opening

143
Q

suffix - oma

A

tumor

144
Q

sacroma

A

malignant tumor originating in connective tissue

145
Q

root - sarc

A

flesh

146
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

malignant tumor originating in cartilage cells

147
Q

ewing sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm in bones of the extremities before the age of 20

148
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

malignant tumor originating in bone producing cells

149
Q

Closed (simple) fracture

A

bone is broken but the skin is not broken

150
Q

Open (compound) fracture

A

fragment of the fractured bone breaks through the skin

151
Q

displaced fracture

A

the fracture bone parts are out of line

152
Q

complete fracture

A

a bone is broken into at least two fragments

153
Q

incomplete fracture

A

the fracture does not extend completely across the bone, it can be hairline as in a stress fracture

154
Q

comminuted fracture

A

the bone breaks into several pieces

155
Q

transverse fracture

A

the fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone

156
Q

impacted fracture

A

the fracture consists of one bone fragment driven into another, resulting in a shorter limb

157
Q

spiral fracture

A

the fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone

158
Q

oblique fracture

A

the fracture runs diagnoally across the long axis of the bone

159
Q

linear fracture

A

the fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

160
Q

greenstick fracture

A

partial fracture, one side breaks and the other bends

161
Q

pathologic fracture

A

fracture occurs in an area of bone weakend by disease such as cancer

162
Q

compression fracture

A

the fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed

163
Q

stress fracture

A

this is a fatigue fracture caused by repetitive local stress on a bone as occurs in marching or running

164
Q

hematoma

A

a collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue

165
Q

callus

A

bony tissue that forms at a fracture site early in the healing

166
Q

cancellous

A

bone that has a spongy or lattice like structure

167
Q

comminuted

A

a fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces

168
Q

osteoblast

A

a bone forming cell

169
Q

osteocyte

A

a bone maintaining cell

170
Q

kyphosis - kyphotic

A

a normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in a disease.

171
Q

lordosis - lordotic

A

an exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spin

172
Q

scoliosis - scoliotic

A

an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

173
Q

whiplash

A

symptoms caused by sudden uncontrolled extension and flexion of the neck

174
Q

shoulder speration

A

disloaction of the acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) often caused by a fall on the shoulder

175
Q

shoulder dislocation

A

occurs when the ball of the humerus slips out of the scapulas socket

176
Q

shoulder subluxation

A

occurs when the ball of the humerus slips partially out of position in the socket, an moves back in

177
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of a joint or joints

178
Q

root - arthr

A

joint

179
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

180
Q

osteoarthritis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the joints with pain and loss of function

181
Q

rhenumatism

A

pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system

182
Q

rhenumatoid arthritis

A

disease of connecting tissue with arthritis as a major manifestation

183
Q

subluxation

A

an incomplete dislocation when some contact between the joint surfaces remains

184
Q

avascular

A

without blood supply

185
Q

bunion

A

a swelling at the base of the big toe

186
Q

diastasis

A

a speration of normally joined parts

187
Q

hyperflexion

A

flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits

188
Q

hallux valgus

A

deviation of the big toe toward the medial side of the foot

189
Q

necrosis

A

pathologic death of tissue cells

190
Q

root - hallux

A

big toe

191
Q

root - valcus

A

turn out

192
Q

root - pod

A

foot

CBD_MT (8 decks)

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