Ch4 - The Skeletal System Flashcards
Orthopedic Surgeons - Orthopedists
doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO’s) who deal with the prevention and correction of injuries of the skeletal system and associated muscles joints and ligaments.
Osteopathic physicians
earned a doctor of osteopathy degree and receive additional training in the musculoskeletal system and how it affects the whole body
Chiropractors
Focus on the manual adjustment of joints, particularly the spine to maintain and restore health
Physical therapists
evaluate and treat pain, disease, or injury by physical therapeutic measures as opposed to medical or surgical measures
Physical Therapist assitants
work under the direction of a physical therapist to assist patients with their physical therapy
orthopedic technologists / technicians
assist orthopedic surgeons in treating patients
podiatrists
are practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot.
Components of the skeletal system
bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
(latin - gristle) Nonvascular firm connective tissue found mostly in joints
Root - chir/o
hand
Root - pract
efficient or practical
suffix - or
doer
chiropractic
diagnosis treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system
detoxification
removing poison from a tissue or substance
suffix - fication
remove
root - toxi
poison
prefix - de
from. out of
ligament
band of fibrous tissue connecting two structures
muscle
a tissue consisting of cells that can contract
musculoskeletal
pertaining to the muscles and bony sekeleton
root - orth/o
straight
root - ped
child
orthopedic
pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system (originally most deformities treated were in children)
root - oste/o
bone
suffix - path or pathy
disease
osteopathy
medical practice based on. maintaining the balance of the body
tendon
fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
classification of bones
Long - longer than wider - main bones of limbs
Short - as long as they are wide - patella, wrists, ankles
Flat - skull and ribs
Irregular - vertebrate
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
Cortical bone
compact bone
Epiphysis
Expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of the long bone; provides increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons
Epiphysial plate
layers of cartilage cells between the diaphysis and epiphysis, that allow your bones to grow longer.
periosteum
strong membrane surrounding a bone — tough connective tissue sheath that covers the outer surface of all bones. Protects the bone and anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bones surface
medula
hollow cylindar in the diaphysis (shaft) contains bone marrow, fatty tissue
Classes of joints
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous joints
two bones tightly bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space - the skull, tibia, fibula, teeth and their sockets
Cartilaginous joints
joints joining two bones with cartilage - ribs, pubic bones in front of the pelvis
Synovial joints
joints contain synovial fluid as lubricant and allow considerable movement. The ends of those bones are covered with Hyaline articular cartilage. some have additional fibrocartilage (ie meniscus)
Bursa - bursae (pl)
A closed sac containing synovial fluid -
an extension of the synovial joint that forms a cushion between structure that otherwise rub against each other. - patellar tendon, patellar and tibial bones
suffix - ate
composed of
Root - articul
joint
suffix - ation
process
articulate
two separate bones have formed a join
articulation
a joint
Central canals - Haversian canals
Vertically running canals found in cortical bones, contain blood vessels and nerve fibers
root - cortic
cortex
Cortex - cortical
outer portion of an organ, such as bone pertaining to a cortex
Hyaline
cartilage that looks like frosted glass and contains fine collagen fibers
marrow
fatty blood forming tissue in cavities of long bones
meniscus - menisci (pl)
disc of cartilage between the bones of a joint
suture
a place where two bones are joined together by a fibrous band, continuous with their periosteum as in the skull
root - ov/i
egg
prefix - syn
together
synovial
pertaining to synovial fluid and synovial membrane
Structure of Axial Skeleton
Vertebral column
skull
rib cage
function of the axial skeleton
upright axis - protects the brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs
Sections of vertebral colum
26 bones divided into five regions
Cervical - 7 vertebrae C1-C7
Thoracic- 12 vertebrae - T1-T12
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae L1-L5
Sacral - 5 bones fused into 1 (sacrum
Coccyx - 4 small bones fused into 1 - tailbone
invertebral discs
fibrocartilage found in the axial skeleton; inhibits the invertebral space between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and provide support and cushioning
root - cervic
neck
coccyx
small tailbone at the lowest end of the vertebral column
disc
flattened round structure in the skeletal system; flattend round fibrocartilaginous structure between bones
foramen - foramina (pl)
an opening through a structure
invertebral
located between two vertebrae
root - vertebr
vertebra
prefix - inter
between
lumbar
the region of teh back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
sacrum
segment of the vertebral column that forms the pelvis
root - thorac
chest
Cranium
the upper part of the skull that encloses the cranial cavity and protects the brain - consists of 8 bones
Bones of the cranium
Frontal - forehead, roofs of eye socket, part of cranial floor, pair right left frontal sinus
Parietal - bulging sides of the roof of cranium
Occipital - back of and part of the base of cranium
Temporal - sides and part of the base of cranium
Sphenoid - part of the base of the cranium and orbits
Ethmoid - hollow and forms part of the nose, orbits, and ethmoid sinuses (air cells)
Facial Bones
Maxillary - upper jaw (maxilla), holds upper teeth, hollow forming maxillary sinuses
Palatine - located behind the maxilla, can not be seen on a lateral view of skull
Zygomatic - cheekbones
Lacrimal - medial wall of each eye orbit
Nasal - form the sides and bridge of nose
Mandible - lower jaw bone -
tempromandibular joint (TMJ)
between the temporal bone and the mandibleMANDIBLE ARTICULATE WITH THE TEMPORAL BONE TO FORM THIS
root - ethm
sieve
suffix - oid
resembling
root - crani
skull
root - lacrim
tears
root - pariet
wall
root - sphen
wedge
root - tempor
time, temple
ethmoid bone
bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells
Pectoral girdle
bones and joints of your pectoral shoulder; connects your axial skeleton to your upper limbs
Scapulae
Clavicles
Acromion
Acromioclavicular (AC) joint
Humerus
bone of the upper arm
Acromion
lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint
Acromioclavicular
the joint between the acromion and the clavicle
Clavicle
Collar bone - curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle
Carpus
the eight carpal bones of the wrist
metacarpal
the five bones between the carpus and the fingers
capitulum
small head or rounded extremity of a bone
root - capit/u
small head
suffix - lum
small structure
eponym
a procedure or diagnosis with a name derived from its founder
olecranon
prominent proximal extremity of ulna (elbow)
prefix - meta
after, subsequent to
root - carp/o
bones f the wrist
root - phalang/e
phalanx, finger or toe
metacarpophalangeal
the joints between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges
root - pector
chest
phalanx
one of the bones of the digits (fingers or toes)
root - pronat
bend down
Prone - pronate
lying face down on the belly
pronation
process of lying face down or turning a hand or foot with the volar (palm/sole) surface face down
radius
the forearm bone on the thumb side
root - supinate
bend backward
supination
process of lying face upward or turning hand or foot so the palm or sol is facing up
scapula - scapulae (pl) - scapular
shoulder blade
trochlea
smooth articular surface of bone on which another glides
root - trochle
pulley
ulna
medial and larger bone of the forearm
Pelvic girdle
two hip bones - fusion of three bones, ilium ischium and pubis
symphysis pubis
sacrum
Labrum
articular cartilage that forms a rim around the hip joint socket
acetabulum
cup shaped cavity of the hip bone that recieves the head of the femur to form the hip joint
femur - femoral
thigh bone
ilim
large wing shaped bone at the upper and poster part of the pelvis
ischium - ischia (pl). - ischial
lower and posterior part of the hip joint
pelvis
basin shaped ring of bones, ligaments, and muscles at the base of the spine
pubis - pubic
alternative name for the hip bone
sacroiliac joint
the joint between the sacrum and the ilium
the knee joint
femur
tibia
patella
fibula
ligaments that hold the knee together
medial collateral ligaments
lateral collateral ligaments
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament
calcaneus - calcaneal
bone of the tarsus that forms the heel
collateral
situated at the side, often to bybass an obstruction
root - later
side
prefix - co
together
cruciate
shaped like a cross, two internal ligaments of the knee joint
fibula - fibular
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
metatarsus - metatarsal
the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and phallanges
patella - patellae (pl) - petellar
kneecap - circular thin bone in front of the kne joint embedded in the patellar tendon
prepatellar
in front of the patella
talus
the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle
tarsus - tarsal
the collection of seven bones in the foot that form the ankle instep
tibia
larger bone of the lower leg
osteopenia
low bone density - decreased calcification
osteoporosis
loss of bone density
osteomyelitis
an inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by bacterial infection such as staphylococcus
ostemalacia
a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency where the calcium lacking bones become soft and flexible and become bowed (also called rickets)
achondroplasia
long bones stop growing in childhood, but axial bones are not affected (dwarfism)
osteogenesis imperfecta (oi)
rare genetic disorder producing very brittle bones that are easily fracture or broken, often in utero
Bone cancer forms
osteogenic sarcoma - occurs in bone cells around the knees in adolescents
ewing sarcoma - often in children and adolescents
chondrosarcoma - arises in cartilage cells often in the pelvises of older people
suffix - plasia
formation
root - chondr/o
cartilage
suffix - malacia
abnormal softness
root - myel
bone marrow
root - por/o
opening
suffix - oma
tumor
sacroma
malignant tumor originating in connective tissue
root - sarc
flesh
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor originating in cartilage cells
ewing sarcoma
malignant neoplasm in bones of the extremities before the age of 20
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor originating in bone producing cells
Closed (simple) fracture
bone is broken but the skin is not broken
Open (compound) fracture
fragment of the fractured bone breaks through the skin
displaced fracture
the fracture bone parts are out of line
complete fracture
a bone is broken into at least two fragments
incomplete fracture
the fracture does not extend completely across the bone, it can be hairline as in a stress fracture
comminuted fracture
the bone breaks into several pieces
transverse fracture
the fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone
impacted fracture
the fracture consists of one bone fragment driven into another, resulting in a shorter limb
spiral fracture
the fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone
oblique fracture
the fracture runs diagnoally across the long axis of the bone
linear fracture
the fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
greenstick fracture
partial fracture, one side breaks and the other bends
pathologic fracture
fracture occurs in an area of bone weakend by disease such as cancer
compression fracture
the fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed
stress fracture
this is a fatigue fracture caused by repetitive local stress on a bone as occurs in marching or running
hematoma
a collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue
callus
bony tissue that forms at a fracture site early in the healing
cancellous
bone that has a spongy or lattice like structure
comminuted
a fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces
osteoblast
a bone forming cell
osteocyte
a bone maintaining cell
kyphosis - kyphotic
a normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in a disease.
lordosis - lordotic
an exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spin
scoliosis - scoliotic
an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
whiplash
symptoms caused by sudden uncontrolled extension and flexion of the neck
shoulder speration
disloaction of the acromioclavicular joint (AC joint) often caused by a fall on the shoulder
shoulder dislocation
occurs when the ball of the humerus slips out of the scapulas socket
shoulder subluxation
occurs when the ball of the humerus slips partially out of position in the socket, an moves back in
arthritis
inflammation of a joint or joints
root - arthr
joint
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
osteoarthritis
chronic inflammatory disease of the joints with pain and loss of function
rhenumatism
pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system
rhenumatoid arthritis
disease of connecting tissue with arthritis as a major manifestation
subluxation
an incomplete dislocation when some contact between the joint surfaces remains
avascular
without blood supply
bunion
a swelling at the base of the big toe
diastasis
a speration of normally joined parts
hyperflexion
flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits
hallux valgus
deviation of the big toe toward the medial side of the foot
necrosis
pathologic death of tissue cells
root - hallux
big toe
root - valcus
turn out
root - pod
foot
