CH.6 Flashcards
mood disorders and suicide
mood disorders
one of a group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression
major depressive episode
most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks.
at least 4 additional physical or cognitive sympotms
mania
period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria associated with some mood disorders
lasts for at least 1 week
inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, easy distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
impairement in normal functioning
hypomanic episode
less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders
last at least 4 days
less impairment (less risky behavior) than manic episode
mixed features
condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. also known as dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode
major depressive disorder
mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more major depressive episodes (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent)
may occur as part of the grieving process
recurrent
repeatedly occurring
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months
no major depressive episodes (pure dysthymic syndrome)
mild depressive symptoms w/ additional major depressive episodes occurring intermittently (double depression)
major depressive episode lasting 2+ years (persistent major depressive episode)
double depression
severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder
integrated grief
grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss
complicated grief
grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life; designated for further study as a disorder by DSM-5
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the premenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman
advantage: legitimizes difficulties some women face when symptoms are very severe
disadvantage: pathologiezes an experience many consider to be normal
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania
diagnosed only in children 6-18
designed in part to combat overdiagnosis of bipolar disorder in youth
bipolar II disorder
alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)
average age of onset 19-22
chronic
10-25% progress to full bipolar I
bipolar I disorder
alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes average age of onset 15-18 chronic suicide common can be diagnosed after 1st manic episode
cyclothymic disorder
chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depression levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes
more common among females
1/3-1/2 develop full-blown bipolar
neurohormones
hormone that affects the brain and is increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology
learned helplessness theory of depression
Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they actually have control).
leads to decrease attempts to improve own situation
depressive cognitive triad
thinking errors by depressed people negatively focused in three areas: themselves, their immediate world, and their future
mood-stabilizing drug
a medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. the reasons for its effectiveness are unknown
cognitive therapy
treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes- and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes in marital conflict, forming relationships in marriage, or a new job.
it has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression
maintenance treatment
combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy
suicidal ideation
serious thoughts about committing suicide
suicidal plans
the formulation of a specific method of killing oneself
suicidal attempts
effort made to kill oneself
psychological autopsy
postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death
internal attributions
negative outcomes are ones own fault
stable attributions
believing future negative outcomes will be ones fault
global attribution
believing negative events will disrupt many life activities
Suicide
11th leading cause of death in USA (underreported)
most common among white and native americans
prevalent in young adults
males complete more/ females attempt more
suicide risk factors
suicide in family low serotonin levels preexisting psychological disorder alcohol use and abuse stressful life event past suicidal behavior plan and access to lethal methods
suicide prevention
clinician does risk assessment
clinician and patient develop safety plan
may sing no-suicide contract
preventative programs
removing access to lethal methods
talk to them –> not likely to place them at greater risk or “plant the idea”
mood episodes
periods of depressed or elevated mood lasting days or weeks
anhedonia
loss of ability to experience pleasure
dysthymia
mild symptoms, falling short of major depressive episode
rapid-cycling specifier
at least 4 manic or depressive episodes within a year severe type of bipolar disorder increases over time does not respond well to treatment rapid switching
self-blame
personally responsible for bad things
self-evaluation
belief that one cannot do anything correctly
arbitrary inference
emphasizes negative rather than positive aspects of a situation
overgeneralization
expanding the outcome or thought related to an event to other seemingly similar situations
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
block reuptake of serotonin so more serotonin is available in brain
fluoxetine (prozac) is most popular
pose some risk of suicide
neg side effects common
lithium
lithium carbonate= common salt
treatment for bipolar disorder
teats depressive and manic symptoms (mood stabilizer)
why works remains unclear
antidepressents used to treat mood disorders
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
tricyclic antidepressants
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Mixed reuptake inhibitors (e.g., serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)
