Ch.13

Question 1

neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 1

Neurologically based disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child’s developing years.

Question 2

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 2

Developmental disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness

Question 3

Tourette’s disorder

Answer 3

Developmental disorder featuring multiple dysfunctional motor and vocal tics.

Question 4

copy number variants

Answer 4

Genes that are deleted as a result of mutations; these deletions may play a role in the development of ADHD and other disorders

Question 5

specific learning disorder

Answer 5

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education.

Question 6

childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)

Answer 6

Disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech (for example, sound and syllable repetitions or prolongations).

Question 7

language disorder

Answer 7

Getting one’s meaning or message across to others (expressive language disorder), or understanding the message coming from others (receptive language disorder).

Question 8

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 8

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in social interactions and communication and restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activity.

Question 9

childhood disintegrative disorder

Answer 9

Pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2- to 4-year period of normal development.

Question 10

Rett disorder

Answer 10

Progressive neurological developmental disorder featuring constant hand-wringing, intellectual disability, and impaired motor skills.

Question 11

pervasive developmental disorder- not otherwise specified

Answer 11

Wide-ranging, significant, and long-lasting dysfunctions that appear before the age of 18.

Question 12

joint attention

Answer 12

Attention shared by two persons toward an object after one person has indicated interest in the object to the other person; this social interaction is limited or absent in people with autism spectrum disorder.

Question 13

prosody

Answer 13

Vocal characteristics such as tone and stress; people with autism spectrum disorder often have trouble recognizing and interpreting these vocal cues.

Question 14

naturalistic teaching strategies

Answer 14

Instructional techniques that are used with children having neurodevelopmental disorders and that move away from traditional desk instruction toward more natural social interactions.

Question 15

intellectual disability (ID)

Answer 15

A diagnosis received when one achieves a significantly below-average score on a test of intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life. Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning paired with deficits in adaptive functioning such as selfcare or occupational activities, appearing before age 18.

Question 16

phenylketonuria (PKU)

Answer 16

Recessive gene disorder involving the inability to break down a food chemical whose buildup causes intellectual disability, seizures, and behavior problems. PKU can be detected by infant screening and prevented by a specialized diet.

Question 17

lesch-nyhan syndrome

Answer 17

X-linked gene disorder characterized by intellectual disability, signs of cerebral palsy, and
self-injurious behavior.

Question 18

down syndrome

Answer 18

Type of intellectual disability caused by a chromosomal aberration (chromosome 21) and involving characteristic physical appearance. Also known as trisomy 21.

Question 19

amniocentesis

Answer 19

Prenatal medical procedure that allows the detection of abnormalities (for example, Down syndrome) in the developing fetus. It involves removal and analysis of amniotic fluid from the mother.

Question 20

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 20

A genetic test conducted during early pregnancy that samples cells found in the placenta (chorionic villi) and assesses possible genetic or chromosomal problems in the villus.

Question 21

fragile X syndrome

Answer 21

Pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome resulting in intellectual disability, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics.

Question 22

cultural-familial intellectual disability

Answer 22

Mild form of intellectual disability that may be caused largely by environmental influences.

Question 23

delirium

Answer 23

Rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition, with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language.

Question 24

major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)

Answer 24

Gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects memory, judgment, language, and other advanced cognitive processes.

Question 25

mild neurocognitive disorder

Answer 25

Modest impairment in cognitive abilities that can be overcome with accommodations such as extensive lists or elaborate schedules.

Question 26

agnosia

Answer 26

Inability to recognize and name objects; may be a symptom of dementia or other brain disorders.

Question 27

facial agnosia

Answer 27

Type of agnosia characterized by a person’s inability to recognize even familiar faces.

Question 28

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 28

Disease of the cerebral cortex that causes an atypical form of senile dementia, discovered in 1906 by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer

Question 29

neurocognitive dosorder due to Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 29

Condition resulting from a disease that develops most often in people 50 and older, characterized by multiple cognitive defects that develop gradually and steadily.

Question 30

vascular neurocognitive disorder

Answer 30

Progressive brain disorder involving loss of
cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain, that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms.

Question 31

head trauma

Answer 31

Injury to the head and, therefore, to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss.

Question 32

frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder

Answer 32

Condition that damages the frontal or temporal regions of the brain; behavior or language is negatively affected.

Question 33

Pick’s disease

Answer 33

Rare neurological disorder that results in presenile dementia.

Question 34

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Answer 34

Brain damage caused by a blow to the head or other trauma that injures the brain and results in diminished neurocognitive capacity.

Question 35

neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury

Answer 35

Condition resulting from jarring of the brain caused by a blow to the head or other impact; symptoms persist for at least a week after the initial trauma

Question 36

neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease

Answer 36

Neurological impairment that affects people with Lewy body disease, in which protein deposits damage brain cells and gradually cause motor impairments and loss of alertness.

Question 37

neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson’s disease

Answer 37

Disorder characterized by progressive decline in motor movements; results from damage to dopamine pathways.

Question 38

human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)

Answer 38

Disease that causes AIDS.

Question 39

neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection

Answer 39

Less common type of neurocognitive disorder that affects people who have HIV; may lead to impaired thinking in advanced stages.

Question 40

aphasia

Answer 40

Impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, or other illness or trauma.

Question 41

Huntington’s disease

Answer 41

Genetic disorder marked by involuntary limb movements and progressing to dementia.

Question 42

neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington’s disease

Answer 42

Neurological disorder that follows a subcortical pattern and is notable for causing involuntary limb movements.

Question 43

neurological disorder due to prion disease

Answer 43

Rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions, proteins that can reproduce themselves and cause damage to brain cells.

Question 44

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Answer 44

Extremely rare condition that causes dementia.

Question 45

substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder

Answer 45

Brain damage caused by prolonged use of drugs, often in combination with a poor diet.

Question 46

deterministic

Answer 46

In genetics, genes that lead to nearly a 100% chance of developing the associated disorder. These are rare in the
population.

Question 47

susceptibility

Answer 47

In genetics, genes that only slightly increase the risk of developing the disorder, but in contrast to the deterministic genes, these are more common in the population.