Ch.13 Flashcards
Neuurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders
neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurologically based disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child’s developing years.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Developmental disorder featuring maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity, and impulsiveness
Tourette’s disorder
Developmental disorder featuring multiple dysfunctional motor and vocal tics.
copy number variants
Genes that are deleted as a result of mutations; these deletions may play a role in the development of ADHD and other disorders
specific learning disorder
Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by academic performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person’s age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education.
childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
Disturbance in the fluency and time patterning of speech (for example, sound and syllable repetitions or prolongations).
language disorder
Getting one’s meaning or message across to others (expressive language disorder), or understanding the message coming from others (receptive language disorder).
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant impairment in social interactions and communication and restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activity.
childhood disintegrative disorder
Pervasive developmental disorder involving severe regression in language, adaptive behavior, and motor skills after a 2- to 4-year period of normal development.
Rett disorder
Progressive neurological developmental disorder featuring constant hand-wringing, intellectual disability, and impaired motor skills.
pervasive developmental disorder- not otherwise specified
Wide-ranging, significant, and long-lasting dysfunctions that appear before the age of 18.
joint attention
Attention shared by two persons toward an object after one person has indicated interest in the object to the other person; this social interaction is limited or absent in people with autism spectrum disorder.
prosody
Vocal characteristics such as tone and stress; people with autism spectrum disorder often have trouble recognizing and interpreting these vocal cues.
naturalistic teaching strategies
Instructional techniques that are used with children having neurodevelopmental disorders and that move away from traditional desk instruction toward more natural social interactions.
intellectual disability (ID)
A diagnosis received when one achieves a significantly below-average score on a test of intelligence and by limitations in the ability to function in areas of daily life. Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning paired with deficits in adaptive functioning such as selfcare or occupational activities, appearing before age 18.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Recessive gene disorder involving the inability to break down a food chemical whose buildup causes intellectual disability, seizures, and behavior problems. PKU can be detected by infant screening and prevented by a specialized diet.
lesch-nyhan syndrome
X-linked gene disorder characterized by intellectual disability, signs of cerebral palsy, and
self-injurious behavior.
down syndrome
Type of intellectual disability caused by a chromosomal aberration (chromosome 21) and involving characteristic physical appearance. Also known as trisomy 21.
amniocentesis
Prenatal medical procedure that allows the detection of abnormalities (for example, Down syndrome) in the developing fetus. It involves removal and analysis of amniotic fluid from the mother.
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
A genetic test conducted during early pregnancy that samples cells found in the placenta (chorionic villi) and assesses possible genetic or chromosomal problems in the villus.
fragile X syndrome
Pattern of abnormality caused by a defect in the X chromosome resulting in intellectual disability, learning problems, and unusual physical characteristics.
cultural-familial intellectual disability
Mild form of intellectual disability that may be caused largely by environmental influences.
delirium
Rapid-onset reduced clarity of consciousness and cognition, with confusion, disorientation, and deficits in memory and language.
major neurocognitive disorder (dementia)
Gradual deterioration of brain functioning that affects memory, judgment, language, and other advanced cognitive processes.
mild neurocognitive disorder
Modest impairment in cognitive abilities that can be overcome with accommodations such as extensive lists or elaborate schedules.
agnosia
Inability to recognize and name objects; may be a symptom of dementia or other brain disorders.
facial agnosia
Type of agnosia characterized by a person’s inability to recognize even familiar faces.
Alzheimer’s disease
Disease of the cerebral cortex that causes an atypical form of senile dementia, discovered in 1906 by German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer
neurocognitive dosorder due to Alzheimer’s disease
Condition resulting from a disease that develops most often in people 50 and older, characterized by multiple cognitive defects that develop gradually and steadily.
vascular neurocognitive disorder
Progressive brain disorder involving loss of
cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain, that appears concurrently with other neurological signs and symptoms.
head trauma
Injury to the head and, therefore, to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss.
frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder
Condition that damages the frontal or temporal regions of the brain; behavior or language is negatively affected.
Pick’s disease
Rare neurological disorder that results in presenile dementia.
traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Brain damage caused by a blow to the head or other trauma that injures the brain and results in diminished neurocognitive capacity.
neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic brain injury
Condition resulting from jarring of the brain caused by a blow to the head or other impact; symptoms persist for at least a week after the initial trauma
neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease
Neurological impairment that affects people with Lewy body disease, in which protein deposits damage brain cells and gradually cause motor impairments and loss of alertness.
neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson’s disease
Disorder characterized by progressive decline in motor movements; results from damage to dopamine pathways.
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
Disease that causes AIDS.
neurocognitive disorder due to HIV infection
Less common type of neurocognitive disorder that affects people who have HIV; may lead to impaired thinking in advanced stages.
aphasia
Impairment or loss of language skills resulting from brain damage caused by stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, or other illness or trauma.
Huntington’s disease
Genetic disorder marked by involuntary limb movements and progressing to dementia.
neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington’s disease
Neurological disorder that follows a subcortical pattern and is notable for causing involuntary limb movements.
neurological disorder due to prion disease
Rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions, proteins that can reproduce themselves and cause damage to brain cells.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Extremely rare condition that causes dementia.
substance/medication-induced neurocognitive disorder
Brain damage caused by prolonged use of drugs, often in combination with a poor diet.
deterministic
In genetics, genes that lead to nearly a 100% chance of developing the associated disorder. These are rare in the
population.
susceptibility
In genetics, genes that only slightly increase the risk of developing the disorder, but in contrast to the deterministic genes, these are more common in the population.
