CH.1 Flashcards
abnormal behavior in historical context
psychological disorder
psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response
phobia
characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
abnormal behavior
actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior
psychopathology
scientific study of psychological disorders
scientist-practitioner
mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods to his or her work. a scientist practitioner must know the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, must evaluate his or her methods for effectiveness, and may generate research to discover info about disorders and their treatment
presenting problem
original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. the actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem
clinical description
details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder
prevalence
number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time
incidence
number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period
course
pattern of development and change of a disorder over time
prognosis
predicted development of a disorder over time
etiology
cause or source of a disorder (chemical, biological, social, environmental, etc.)
exorcism
religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body
psychosocial treatment
treatment practices that focuses on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. these approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.
moral therapy
psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments
mental hygiene movement
mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment
pychoanalysis
assessment and therapy pioneered by sigmund freud that emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts.
behaviorism
explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology
unconscious
part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person
catharsis
rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy
- psychoanalytic model*
Complex and com- prehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of person- ality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.
id
In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psy- chic entity present at birth representing basic drives.
ego
In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practi- cal ways to satisfy id drives.
superego
In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society.
intrapsychic conflicts
In psychoanalytic theory, a struggle among the id, ego, and superego.
defense mechanisms
Common pattern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation. Psy- choanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes originating in the ego.
psychosexual stages of development
Psy- choanalytic concept of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.
castration anxiety
In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers
neurosis
Obsolete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes. Plural is neuroses
ego psychology
Psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological dis- orders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology
self-psychology
(ego psychology) Psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological dis- orders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts.
object relations
Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them
collective unconscious
Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung
free association
Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring
dream analysis
Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.
psychoanalyst
Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.
transference
Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.
psychodynamic psychotherapy
Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems
7 tactics; affect, avoidance, patterns, past experiences, interpersonal experience, therapeutic relationship, wishes dreams fantasies
self-actualizing
Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.
person-centered therapy
Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.
unconditional positive regard
Acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.
behavioral model
Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.
classical conditioning
Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.
extinction
Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing
introspection
Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked
systematic desensitization
Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.
behavior therapy
Array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.
reinforcement
In operant conditioning,
consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from reinforcement of those behaviors or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.
shaping
In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by rein- forcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner
Dr. Roberts, a psychiatrist, often prescribes medication to his patients for their psychological problems. Dr.Roberts has what type of degree?
MD
All of the following are part of a clinical description EXCEPT?:
thoughts feelings causes behaviors
causes
The _______ describes the number of people in a population who have a disorder, whereas the _______ describes how many new cases of a disorder occur within a given period?
prevalence; incidence
Which of the following is NOT a historical model of abnormal behavior?
the psyche model
During the 19th century, the biological tradition of psychological disorders was supported by the discovery that a bacterial microorganism, ________, could result in psychotic symptoms and bizarre behaviors in advanced stages.
syphilis
Which of the following describes the order in which biological treatments for mental disorders were introduced?
insulin therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, neuroleptic drug therapy
_______ is the release of tension following the disclosure of emotional trauma, whereas _______ is the increased understanding of current feelings and past events
catharsis; insight
Which of the following is an example of the Freudian defense mechanism known as displacement
adam is criticized by this teacher in front of other students. when he goes home, his dog runs to him, and adam kicks the dog
Before feeding her dog, Anna always gets his food out of the pantry. When she opens the pantry door, her dog begins to salivate. The dog’s salivation is a(n
conditioned response
B. F. Skinner is known for introducing the concept of _______, the belief that behavior can influence and change the environment.
operant conditioning
prototype
how the apparent disease or disorder matches a “typical” profile of a disorder
patient may meet criteria for disorder with some features or symptoms of the prototype
the scientist practitioner
practice and research mutually influence each other
stay current with research in field
evaluates own assessment and treatment
conducts research
Ph.D: clinical and counseling psychologist (trained in research and delivering treatment
Psy.D: clinical and counseling “doctor of psychology” (trained in delivering treatment
M.D.: psychiatrist
psychiatric nurses
psychiatric social worker (trained in delivering treatment)
humanistic theory
people basically good humans strive toward self-actualization abrahan maslow (hierarchy of needs) carl rogers (person centered therapy) more effective for people dealing with normal life stress
Which mental health professional earns an M.D.
Psychiatrist
What is the presenting problem?
The specific complaint that brought a person to treatment
Describe etiology
The study of origins
What causes a disorder, why a disorder begins
Includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions
What are the three dominant traditions to explain abnormal behavior?
Supernatural
Biological
Psychological
What are the three structures of the mind?
Id
Ego
Superego
What is transference?
Patients come to relate to the therapists as mush as they did to important figures in their childhood
