CH.4 Flashcards
anxiety, trauma and stressor-related, and obsessive compulsive disorder
anxiety
mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger or misfortune. anxiety may involve feelings, behaviors, and physiological responses
associated with limbic system and septal-hippocampal systems
fear
emotion of an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life-threatening emergencies
immediate fight or flight response
abrupt activation of sympathetic nervous system
strong avoidance/escapist tendencies
marked negative affect
panic
sudden, overwhelming fright or terror
panic attack
abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by several physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations
behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
brain circuit in the limbic system that responds to threat signals by inhibiting activity and causing anxiety alert system (potential dangers)
fight/flight system (FFS)
brain circuit in animals that when stimulated causes an immediate alarm-and-escape response resembling human panic
activated by decencies in serotonin
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry about multiple areas of life that is distressing ad unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness chronic worry persists for 6 months or more very prevalent among elderly tends to run in families
panic disorder (PD)
recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks
many develop agoraphobia
onset is often acute
nocturnal panic attacks during non-REM sleep
interoceptive avoidance of physical sensations linked to anxiety
agoraphobia
anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult
panic control treatment (PCT)
cognitive-behavioral treatment for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them
specific phobia
Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functio
blood-injection-injury phobia
unreasonable fear and avoidance of exposure to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection.
victims experience fainting and a drop in blood pressure
situational phobia
anxiety involving enclosed places (for example, claustrophobia) or public transportation (for example, fear of flying).
natural environment phobia
fear of situations or events in nature, especially heights, storms, and water
animal phobia
unreasonable, enduring fear of animals or insects that usually develops early in life
separation anxiety disorder
excessive, enduring fear in some children that harm will come to them or their parents while they are apart
social anxiety disorder (SAD)
extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations
onset usually during adolescence
causes- biological and evolutionary vulnerability
treatment- CBT/ cognitive-behavioral group treatment (CBGT)
both highly effective
social phobia
extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
enduring, distressing emotional disorder that follows exposure to a severe helplessness or fear-inducing threat. the victim reexperiences the trauma, avoids stimuli associated with it, and develops a numbing of responsiveness and an increased vigilance and arousal
diagnosed when reaction persists for 1 month or more
combat and sexual assault most common
acute stress disorder
severe reaction immediately following a terrifying event, often including amnesia about the event, emotional numbing, and derealization.
many victims later develop posttraumatic stress disorder
adjustment disorders
clinically significant emotional and behavioral symptoms in response to one or more specific stressors
attachment disorders
developmentally inappropriate behaviors in which a child is unable or unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregiving adults
reactive attachment disorder
attachment disorder in which a child with disturbed behavior neither seeks out a caregiver nor responds to offers of help from one; fearfulness and sadness are often evident
disinhibited social engagement disorder
condition in which a child shows no inhibitions whatsoever in approaching adults
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
anxiety disorder involving unwanted, persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses, as well as repetitive actions intended to suppress them
cleaning and washing or checking rituals common
onset typically in early adolescence
tends to be chronic
obsessions
recurrent intrusive thought or impulse the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing it is not imposed by outside forces
compulsions
repetitive, ritualistic, time-consuming behavior or mental act a person feels driven to perform
body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
somatoform disorder featuring a disruptive preoccupation with some imagined defect in appearance (“imagined ugliness”)
often leads to compulsive behaviors
tends to run in families
trichotillomania
people’s urge to pull out their own hair from anywhere on the body, including the scalp, eyebrows, and arm
excoriation
recurrent, difficult-to-control picking of one’s skin leading to significant impairment or distress
expected panic
usually cued by a situation/stimulus
unexpected panic
unknown when the next one will occur
constant state of fear
genetic vulnerability
more likely to be anxious if there is a family history of anxiety
anxiety and brain circuits
depleted levels of GABA are associated with more anxiety
deficits in norepinephrine and serotonin also associated with greater anxiety
integrative view of anxiety
triple vulnerability model
generalized biological vulnerability- diathasis
generalized psychological vulnerability- how you deel about the world
specific psychological vulnerability- what are parents fears
GAD treatment
generally weak psychological interventions (CBT) pharmacotherapy- benzodiazaphines/ antidepressants meditation therapy combined treatments
panic disorder treatment
medication treatment - SSRIs or benzodiazepines
>relapse rates are high following medication discontinuation
CBT highly effective
panic control teatment (PCT)
psychological and combined treatments
acute PTSD
may be diagnosed one to three months post trauma
chronic PTSD
diagnosed after three months post trauma
delayed onset of PTSD
onset six months or more post trauma
acute stress disorder (PTSD)
PTSD immediately post-trauma (up to one month)
PTSD treatment
psychological treatments- CBT hightly effective
>may include, graduated or massed imaging exposure/ develop narrative of traumatic event to process understanding/ challenge maladaptive beliefs about the world
medication- SSRIs and medications effective against anxiety and panic
thought-action fusion
thought is similar to the action; thinking something will make it more likely to happen
OCD treatment
biological- SSRIs/ relapse common
psychological- CBT exposure to anxious cues and prevention of ritualized response
BDD treatment
parallels that for OCD
CBT with exposure to anxiety and preventing compulsions
medications SSRIs
comorbidity
having more than one diagnosis at once
