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abnormal psych > CH.2 > Flashcards

CH.2 Flashcards

integrative approach to psychopathology

1
Q

multidimensional integrative approach

A

approach to the study of psychopathology that holds psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

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2
Q

genes

A

long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, the basic physical unit of heredity that appears as a location on a chromosome

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3
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder

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4
Q

vulnerability

A

susceptibility or tendency to develop a disorder

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5
Q

gene-environment correlation model

A

hypothesis that people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder

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6
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as a new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes

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7
Q

neuroscience

A

study of the nervous system and its role in behavior, thoughts, and emotions

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8
Q

neuron

A

individual nerve cell responsible for transmitting information
soma- cell body
dendrites- receive messages
axon- sends messages
axon terminals- buds at end of axon from which chemical messages are sent
synapses- small gaps btwn neuron

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9
Q

action potentials

A

short periods of electrical activity at the membrane of a neuron, responsible for the transmission of signals within the neuron

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10
Q

terminal button

A

the end of an axon (of a neuron) where neurotransmitters are stored before release

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11
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between nerve cells where chemical transmitters act to move impulses from one neuron to the next

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical that crosses the synaptic cleft between nerve cells to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next. relative excess or deficiency of neurotransmitters is involved in several psychological disorders

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13
Q

excitatory

A

causing excitation. activating

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14
Q

inhibitory

A

causing inhibition. suppressing

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15
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by the endocrine glands

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16
Q

brain cirtuits

A

neurotransmitter current or neural pathway in the brain

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17
Q

agonist

A

in neuroscience, a chemical substance that effectively increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects

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18
Q

antagonist

A

in neuroscience, a chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

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19
Q

inverse agonist

A

in neuroscience, a chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter

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20
Q

reuptake

A

action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released into a synaptic cleft

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21
Q

glutamate

A

amino acid neurotransmitter that excites many different neurons, leading to action

22
Q

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

neurotransmitter that reduces activity across the synaptic cleft and thus inhibits a range of behaviors and emotions, especially generalized anxiety

23
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitter involved in processing of information and coordination of movement, as well as inhibition and restraint. it also assists in the regulation of eating, sexual, and aggressive behaviors, all of which may be involved in different psychological disorders. its interaction with dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia

24
Q

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A

neurotransmitter active in the central and peripheral nervous systems, controlling heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other functions. because of its role in the body’s alarm reaction, it may also contribute generally and indirectly to panic attacks and other disorders.

25
Q

dopamine

A

neruotransmitter whose generalized function is to activate other neurotransmitters and to aid in exploratory and pleasure-seeking behaviors (thus balancing serotonin). a relative excess of dopamine is implicated in schizophrenia (although contradictory evidence suggests the connection is not simple), and its deficit is involved in Parkinson’s disease

26
Q

cognitive science

A

field of study that examines how humans and other animals acquire, process, store, and retrieve information

27
Q

learned helplessness

A

Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality).

28
Q

modeling (or observational learning)

A

learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and consequences of that behavior

29
Q

prepared learning

A

ability adaptive for evolution, allowing certain associations to be learned more readily than others

30
Q

implicit memory

A

condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them

31
Q

flight or fight response

A

biological reaction to alarming stressors that musters the body’s resources (for example, blood flow and respiration) to resist or flee a threat.

32
Q

emotion

A

pattern of action elicited by an external event and a feeling state, accompanied by a characteristic psysiological response

33
Q

mood

A

enduring period of emotionality

34
Q

affect

A

conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action at a given time

35
Q

circumplex model

A

a model describing different emotions as points in a 2-dimensional space of valence and arousal

36
Q

equifinality

A

developmental psychopathology principle that a behavior or disorder may have several causes

37
Q

one-dimensional model

A

explain behavior in terms of a single cause
could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach
tend to ignore info from other areas

38
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

processes all relevant info from sense organs

39
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

somatic (muscles) and autonomic (cardio and internal functions) branches

40
Q

lobes

A

Frontal- planning of movements, recent memory, some aspects of emotion

Parietal- body sensations

Temporal- hearing, advanced visual process

Occipital- vision

41
Q

Describe one-dimensional models

A

Explain behavior in terms of a single cause
Could mean a paradigm, school, or conceptual approach
Tend to ignore information from other areas

42
Q

What is the “diathesis” in the diathesis-stress model?

A

Inherited tendency to express traits/behaviors

43
Q

What is the Gene-environment correlation model?

A

Outcomes are a result of interactions between genetic vulnerabilities and experience

44
Q

What is the role of the midbrain?

A

Coordinates movement with sensory input

Contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS)

45
Q

Describe the autonomic branch of the peripheral nervous system

A

Involuntary processes
Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
Regulates cardiovascular system & body temperature
Also regulates the endocrine system and aids in digestion

46
Q

What are the functions of neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers that transmit messages between brain cells

47
Q

What are the main types of neurotransmitters?

A 
Serotonin (5-HT)
Glutamate
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
48
Q

genetic contributions to psychopathology

A

determines psysical characteristics
importance of contextual factors
phenotype vs. genotype
nature of genes

49
Q

hindbrain

A

regulates automatic processes
medulla- heart rate, blood pressure, respiration
pons- regulates sleep stages
cerebellum- physical coordination

50
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates movement with sensory input

contains parts of reticular activating system (RAS)

51
Q

limbic system

A 
helps regulate emotional experiences and expressions, and ability to learn and control impulses
hippocampus
cigulate gyrus
septum
amygdala
52
Q

forebrain

A

most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processing
cerebral cortex contains two specialized hemispheres
contains 80% of neurons

abnormal psych (14 decks)

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