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Biology 2 > Ch47 > Flashcards

Ch47 Flashcards

1
Q

model organism

A

-easy to be studied
-share mechansims in development
-common set of regulatory genes w/ humans

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2
Q

fertilization

A

Formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and sperm

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3
Q

zona pellucida

A

Extra cellular matrix of the egg
-sperm travels to here through an outer layer of cells
-when binds to sperm, triggers a slow block to polyspermy

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4
Q

acrosomal reaction

A

-triggered when sperm meets egg

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5
Q

acrosome

A

-tip of sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding egg

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6
Q

fast block to polyspermy

A

-not in mammal
-gamete contact and/fusion depolarizes egg cell membrane which sets fast block to polyspermy
-rapid/temporary electrical barrier that prevents additional sperm from entering egg

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7
Q

cortical reaction

A

-requires a high concentration of Ca2 ions in egg
-Ca2 spread across egg correlates w/ appearance of fertilization envelope
-initiated by fusion of egg and sperm

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8
Q

slow block fertilization

A

-fertilization envelope
-prolonged biochemical process that hardens zone pellucida to prevent polyspermy

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9
Q

Ca2

A

-rise in cytosol increases rates of cellular respiration and protein synthesis

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10
Q

cleavage

A

follows fertilization
-period of rapid cell division w/o growth
-partitions cytoplasm of one large cell into small cells called blastomeres (totipotent in frogs)

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11
Q

blastula

A

-ball of cells with fluid filled cavity called a blastocoel

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12
Q

vegetal pole

A

-more yolk
-provides food sources for developing embryo

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13
Q

animal pole

A

-more cytoplasm present
-give rise to animal

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14
Q

morphogenesis

A

process by which cells occupy their appropriate locations
-involves gastrulation and organogenesis

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15
Q

gastrulation

A

-movement of cells from blastula surface to interior of embryo
-rearranges cells of blastula into 3-layered embryo: grastrula

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16
Q

organogenesis

A

formation of organs
-various regions of germ layers develop into rudimentary organs

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17
Q

germ layers

A

ectoderm: forms outer layer
-endoderm: lines digestive tract
-mesoderm: partly fills space between endoderm and ectoderm

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18
Q

mesenchyme

A

-cells that migrate into blastocoel

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19
Q

archenteron

A

-newly formed cavity
-opens through blastpore
-becomes anus

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20
Q

Gastrulation in chicken

A

-before gastrulation, embryo is made of upper/lower layer (epiblast and hypoblast)
-during gast. epiblast cells move towards midline of blastoderm and into embryo towards yolk

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21
Q

primitive streak

A

-midline that thickens in embryo

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22
Q

hypoblast cells

A

-connection between yolk and embryo

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23
Q

blastocyst

A

-human equivalent of blastula
-human gast.

24
Q

innner cell mass

A

-cluster of cells at one end of blastocyst
-human gast.

25
trophoblast
-outer epithelial layer of blastocyst -does not contribute to embryo -initiates implantation -human gast.
26
extraembryonic membranes (EEM)
-following implantation, trophoblast continues to expand and set of EEM is formed
27
4 embryonic membranes that form embryo
-chorion: gas exchange -amnion: encloses amniotic fluid -yolk sac: encloses yolk -allantois: disposes of waste products and contributes to gas exchange
28
neural crest cells
-form along neural tube of vertebrates -form nerves, parts of teeth, skull bones in embryo
29
somites
-blocks that mesoderm forms -give rise to cells that form vertebrae and ribs
30
microtubuls
31
actin filaments
32
convergent extension
-rearrangement of cells of a tissue that cause it to become narrower or longer
33
apoptosis
-programmed cell death
34
determination
-group of cells becomes commited to a particular fate
35
differentiation
-specialization of cells in structure and function -cells in multicellular organism share same genome
36
fatemaps
-diagrams showing organs and other structure that arise from each region of an embryo
37
axis formation
-anterior-posterior axis of frog embryo is determined during oogenesis -dorsal/ventral axis is not determined until fertilization
38
totipotent
-can develop into all possible cell types
39
pattern formation
-development of spatial organization
40
positional information
-molecular cues that control pattern formation -tells cell where it is in terms of body axis
41
apical ectodermal ridge(AER)
-one limb bud regulating region -thickened ectoderm at bud's tip
42
zone of polarizing activity(ZPA)
-mesodermal tissue under ectoderm where posterior side of bud is attached to body
43
Sonic hedgehog
-inductive signal for limb development
44
dorsal lip
-section of tissue located at the site of first invagination in developing pre-gastrula -organizer of entire body plan -transplanted dorsal lip triggered second gastrulation in host
45
ectoderm
--epidermis of skin, sweat glands and hair follicles -nervous and sensory system -pituitary gland -jaws and teeth germ cells -forms neural plate
46
mesoderm
-skeletal and muscular systems -circulatory and lymphatic systems -excretory and reproductive systems -dermis of skin -adrenal cortex -forms notochord
47
endoderm
-epithelial lining of digestive tract, liver, and pancreas -epithelial lining of respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts/ducts -thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands
48
neural plate
-forms form ectoderm -curves inward forming neural tube which becomes central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
49
neurulation
micrtotbules oriented from dorsal to ventral in a sheet of ectodermal cells that help lengthen cells along axis
50
embryonic fate
affected by distribution of determinants and pattern of cleavage
51
Hans Spemann
-performed experiments to determine cells developmental potential
52
determining axis is chicks
-gravity determine anterior-posterior axis -ltaer, pH differences between 2 sides of blastoderm establish dorsal-ventral axis
53
grey crescent
-marks dorsal side -opposite of sperm entry side
54
mammal embryonic cells
-cells remain totipotent until 8-cell stage -general feature in all animals: progressive restriction
55
limb buds
-bumps of tissue where wings and legs of chick begin as -AER
56
3 axes where embryonic cell in limb Bub respond to positional info.
-anterior-posterior -dorsal-ventral -proximal-distal
57
Hox genes
-also play a role in pattern formation

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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