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Biology 2 > Ch 46- Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch 46- Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

-creation of an offspring by fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form zygote
-“twofold cost”: have HALF as many daughters than asexual females
-genetic recombination

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2
Q

asexual reproducion

A

-creation of offspring w/o fusion of egg and sperm

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3
Q

fission

A

-asexual
-seperation of a parent into 2 or more individuals of about the same size

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4
Q

budding

A

-new individuals arise for outgrowths of existing one

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5
Q

parthenogenesis

A

-development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg
-some fishes, amphibians, and lizards
-involves doubling of chromosomes after meiosis

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6
Q

ovulation

A

release of mature eggs at the midpoint of female cycle
-most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to seasonal changes

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7
Q

reproductive cycles

A

controlled by hormones and environmental cues
-climate change can decrease reproductive success

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8
Q

hermaphroditism

A

-each individual has male and female reproductive systems
-2 can mate
-can self fertilize
-sexual
-solution for challenge of not finding partner
-sex reversals: male>female (oysters)
female>male coral reef fish

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9
Q

fertilization

A

union of egg and sperm
-important role in sexual reproduction
-all fertilization requires critical thinking
-often mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, or courtship behavior

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10
Q

external fertilization

A

-eggs shed by female and fertilized by sperm in external environment

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11
Q

internal fertilization

A

-sperm is deposited in or near female reproductive tract
-occurs within tract
-requires interaction ad compatible copulatoru organs
-associated w/ production of fewer games but higher survival of higher fraction of zygotes
-associated w/ mechanism to provide protection of embryos and parental care of young

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12
Q

gonafs

A

organs that produce gametes
-simple systems don’t have gonads, but form from undifferentiated tissue
-elaborate systems : accessory tubes and glands

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13
Q

spermatheca

A

-in female insects where sperm is stored during copulation

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14
Q

cloaca

A

-common opening between external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

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15
Q

female sexual organs

A

-vagina, labia, and clitoris

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16
Q

follicles

A

consist of partially developed egg (oocyte)

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17
Q

oogensis

A

-process of where one month oocyte develops into an ovum (egg)

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18
Q

corpus luteum

A

–remaining follicular tissue grows within ovary forming a mass
-secretes estradiol and progesterone (help maintain pregnancy))
-if egg not fertilized, it degenerates

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19
Q

oviduct (Fallopian tube)

A

-where egg travels through from ovary to uterus
-cilia conveys egg to uterus

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20
Q

uterus

A

-womb

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21
Q

endometrium

A

-uterus lining
-many blood vessels

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22
Q

cervix

A

opens into vagina

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23
Q

vagina

A

thin walled chamber that is repository for sperm during copulaton
-birth canal
-opens to vulva (labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris)

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24
Q

clitoris

A

-has head called glans covered by prepuce
-rich in blood vessels
-many nerve ending

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25
mammary glands
-not part of reproductive system -important to mamalian reproduction -small sacs of epithelial tissue within secrete milk
26
males external/internal reproductive organs
external:scortoum and penis -internal: gonads, and accessory glands
27
testes
-consists highly coiled tubes (seminiferous tubles) surrounded by connective tissue
28
seminferous tubules
-where sperm form -coiled tubes in testes -production of sperm can not occur at body temps. of most mammals (needs to be cooler)
29
leydig cells
-produce hormones -scattered between tubules
30
scrotum
-where testes are help -temp is lower than abdominal cavity
31
epididymis
-coiled tubules where sperm passes through seminferous tubules
32
ejactulation
-sperm are propelled through vas deferens>ejaculatory duct>urethra
33
semen
-compsoed of sperm plus secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
34
seminal vesicles
-contribute to about 60% of total volume in semen
35
prostate gland
-secertes product directly into urethra through several small ducts
36
bulbourethral glands
-secrete muscus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in urethra
37
penis
-composed of 3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue -errectile tissue fills w/ blood causing erection
38
gametogenies
-production of gametes -differes in M and F -sperm: small and motile -egg: larger, within female
39
spermatogenesis
-development of sperm -continuous/prolific -millions of sperm produced/daily -takes 7 weeks to develop
40
oogenesis
-development of mature egg -prolonged process
41
human reproduction is coordinated by
hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads
42
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
-secreted by hypothalamus -directs release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
43
FSH and LH
-regulate processes in gonads and production of sex hormones -FSH: promote activity of Sertoli cells (nourish developing sperm) -LH regulate LEYdig cells (secrete testosterone and other androgens: promote spermatogenesis)
44
sex hormones
-many functions in addition to gamete production, behavior and development of primary (penis/vagina) and secondary characteristics (beard, pubes)
45
menstration
-shedding of endometrium -if embryo does not implant in endometrium
46
prior of ovulation
-endometrium thickens w/ blood vessels in preparation for embryo implantation
47
2 cycles of female reproudtcion
-menstrual cycle -ovarian cycle
48
menstrual cycle
-coordinate uterine cycle w/ ovarian cycle -proliferative phase: thickening of endometrium coordinates w/ follicular phase -secretory phase: secretion of nutrients coordinates w/ luteal phase -menstrual flow phase: shedding of endometrium coordinates w/ new ovarian follicles
49
ovarian cycle
-changes in ovaries -release of GnRh, thenFSH and lH stimulate follicle growth -follicular phase: follicle growth and increase in estradiol, ends at ovulation, secondary oocyte is released -luteal phase: follows ovulation. follicular tissue left behind transforms into corpus luteum (then disintegrates), ovarian steroid hormones decrease
50
ectopic
-location when cells of uterine lining sometimes migrate to an abnormal location
51
endometriosis
-swelling of cells is ectopic locations in response to hormone stimulation -disorder -more painful cramps
52
menopause
-after about 500 cycles -cessation of ovulation and menstration -very unusual among animals -might have evolved to allow mother to provide better care to children/grandchildren
53
estrous cycle
-charactistic of most mammals -endometrium is reabsorbed by uterus -sexual receptivity is limited to "heat" period -length/frequenct vary from species to species
54
testosterone
-regulates of GnRH, LSH and LH through negative feedback
55
sertoli cells
-secrete hormone inhibin: reduces FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
55
sexual response
-vasocongestion -myotonia
56
coitus
-sexual intercourse
57
orgasm
-rhytmic contractions of reproductive structures -male: sperm ejaculated -female: uterus and outer vagina contract -4 phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
58
conception
-fertilization of an egg by sperm, occurs in oviduct
59
cleavage
-resulting zygote from fertilization divides by mitosis (gives rise to blastocyst)
60
human chorionic gonadotropin
-prevents menstruation
61
pregnancy(gestation)
-carrying one or more embryos in uterus
62
first trimester
-most radical change for mother and embryo -endometrium grows over blastocyst -main period of organogeneis -major structures present by 8 weeks (called a fetus)
63
changes that occur in mother
-muscus plug on cervux to protect against infection going in from vagina -growth of placenta and uterus -cesstaion of ovulation and menstrual cycle -breast enlargement -nausea
64
Second trimester
-fetus grows and very active -mother may feel fetal movement -uterus grows enough for pregnancy to become obvious
65
third trimester
-fetus grows and fills space -complex interoplay of local regulator and hormones induces/regulates labor (childbirth) -oxytoncin: causes contraction
66
labor
3 stages: dilation (thinning of cervix) , delivery of baby, delivery of placenta
67
lactation
-production of milk
68
advantages to sexual reproudtcion
increase in variation of offspring -increase in rate of adaptations -shuffling of genes -elimination of harmful gene from pop.
69
ovary
-contains many folliles -female gonads -lie in abdominal cavity
70
ovulation
-expels egg from follicle , the cells of which produce estradiol prior to ovulation
71
spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis
-all 4 products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only 1 of 4 becomes egg -spermatogeneis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood -sperm are produced continuously w/o prolonged interuptions like oogenesis

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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