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Biology 2 > Ch 46- Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch 46- Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

-creation of an offspring by fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) to form zygote
-“twofold cost”: have HALF as many daughters than asexual females
-genetic recombination

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2
Q

asexual reproducion

A

-creation of offspring w/o fusion of egg and sperm

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3
Q

fission

A

-asexual
-seperation of a parent into 2 or more individuals of about the same size

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4
Q

budding

A

-new individuals arise for outgrowths of existing one

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5
Q

parthenogenesis

A

-development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg
-some fishes, amphibians, and lizards
-involves doubling of chromosomes after meiosis

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6
Q

ovulation

A

release of mature eggs at the midpoint of female cycle
-most animals exhibit reproductive cycles related to seasonal changes

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7
Q

reproductive cycles

A

controlled by hormones and environmental cues
-climate change can decrease reproductive success

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8
Q

hermaphroditism

A

-each individual has male and female reproductive systems
-2 can mate
-can self fertilize
-sexual
-solution for challenge of not finding partner
-sex reversals: male>female (oysters)
female>male coral reef fish

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9
Q

fertilization

A

union of egg and sperm
-important role in sexual reproduction
-all fertilization requires critical thinking
-often mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, or courtship behavior

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10
Q

external fertilization

A

-eggs shed by female and fertilized by sperm in external environment

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11
Q

internal fertilization

A

-sperm is deposited in or near female reproductive tract
-occurs within tract
-requires interaction ad compatible copulatoru organs
-associated w/ production of fewer games but higher survival of higher fraction of zygotes
-associated w/ mechanism to provide protection of embryos and parental care of young

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12
Q

gonafs

A

organs that produce gametes
-simple systems don’t have gonads, but form from undifferentiated tissue
-elaborate systems : accessory tubes and glands

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13
Q

spermatheca

A

-in female insects where sperm is stored during copulation

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14
Q

cloaca

A

-common opening between external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

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15
Q

female sexual organs

A

-vagina, labia, and clitoris

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16
Q

follicles

A

consist of partially developed egg (oocyte)

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17
Q

oogensis

A

-process of where one month oocyte develops into an ovum (egg)

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18
Q

corpus luteum

A

–remaining follicular tissue grows within ovary forming a mass
-secretes estradiol and progesterone (help maintain pregnancy))
-if egg not fertilized, it degenerates

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19
Q

oviduct (Fallopian tube)

A

-where egg travels through from ovary to uterus
-cilia conveys egg to uterus

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20
Q

uterus

A

-womb

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21
Q

endometrium

A

-uterus lining
-many blood vessels

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22
Q

cervix

A

opens into vagina

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23
Q

vagina

A

thin walled chamber that is repository for sperm during copulaton
-birth canal
-opens to vulva (labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris)

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24
Q

clitoris

A

-has head called glans covered by prepuce
-rich in blood vessels
-many nerve ending

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25
Q

mammary glands

A

-not part of reproductive system
-important to mamalian reproduction
-small sacs of epithelial tissue within secrete milk

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26
Q

males external/internal reproductive organs

A

external:scortoum and penis
-internal: gonads, and accessory glands

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27
Q

testes

A

-consists highly coiled tubes (seminiferous tubles) surrounded by connective tissue

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28
Q

seminferous tubules

A

-where sperm form
-coiled tubes in testes
-production of sperm can not occur at body temps. of most mammals (needs to be cooler)

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29
Q

leydig cells

A

-produce hormones
-scattered between tubules

30
Q

scrotum

A

-where testes are help
-temp is lower than abdominal cavity

31
Q

epididymis

A

-coiled tubules where sperm passes through seminferous tubules

32
Q

ejactulation

A

-sperm are propelled through vas deferens>ejaculatory duct>urethra

33
Q

semen

A

-compsoed of sperm plus secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

34
Q

seminal vesicles

A

-contribute to about 60% of total volume in semen

35
Q

prostate gland

A

-secertes product directly into urethra through several small ducts

36
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

-secrete muscus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in urethra

37
Q

penis

A

-composed of 3 cylinders of spongy erectile tissue
-errectile tissue fills w/ blood causing erection

38
Q

gametogenies

A

-production of gametes
-differes in M and F
-sperm: small and motile
-egg: larger, within female

39
Q

spermatogenesis

A

-development of sperm
-continuous/prolific
-millions of sperm produced/daily
-takes 7 weeks to develop

40
Q

oogenesis

A

-development of mature egg
-prolonged process

41
Q

human reproduction is coordinated by

A

hormones from hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads

42
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

-secreted by hypothalamus
-directs release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

43
Q

FSH and LH

A

-regulate processes in gonads and production of sex hormones
-FSH: promote activity of Sertoli cells (nourish developing sperm)
-LH regulate LEYdig cells (secrete testosterone and other androgens: promote spermatogenesis)

44
Q

sex hormones

A

-many functions in addition to gamete production, behavior and development of primary (penis/vagina) and secondary characteristics (beard, pubes)

45
Q

menstration

A

-shedding of endometrium
-if embryo does not implant in endometrium

46
Q

prior of ovulation

A

-endometrium thickens w/ blood vessels in preparation for embryo implantation

47
Q

2 cycles of female reproudtcion

A

-menstrual cycle
-ovarian cycle

48
Q

menstrual cycle

A

-coordinate uterine cycle w/ ovarian cycle
-proliferative phase: thickening of endometrium coordinates w/ follicular phase
-secretory phase: secretion of nutrients coordinates w/ luteal phase
-menstrual flow phase: shedding of endometrium coordinates w/ new ovarian follicles

49
Q

ovarian cycle

A

-changes in ovaries
-release of GnRh, thenFSH and lH stimulate follicle growth
-follicular phase: follicle growth and increase in estradiol, ends at ovulation, secondary oocyte is released
-luteal phase: follows ovulation. follicular tissue left behind transforms into corpus luteum (then disintegrates), ovarian steroid hormones decrease

50
Q

ectopic

A

-location when cells of uterine lining sometimes migrate to an abnormal location

51
Q

endometriosis

A

-swelling of cells is ectopic locations in response to hormone stimulation
-disorder
-more painful cramps

52
Q

menopause

A

-after about 500 cycles
-cessation of ovulation and menstration
-very unusual among animals
-might have evolved to allow mother to provide better care to children/grandchildren

53
Q

estrous cycle

A

-charactistic of most mammals
-endometrium is reabsorbed by uterus
-sexual receptivity is limited to “heat” period
-length/frequenct vary from species to species

54
Q

testosterone

A

-regulates of GnRH, LSH and LH through negative feedback

55
Q

sertoli cells

A

-secrete hormone inhibin: reduces FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

55
Q

sexual response

A

-vasocongestion
-myotonia

56
Q

coitus

A

-sexual intercourse

57
Q

orgasm

A

-rhytmic contractions of reproductive structures
-male: sperm ejaculated
-female: uterus and outer vagina contract
-4 phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

58
Q

conception

A

-fertilization of an egg by sperm, occurs in oviduct

59
Q

cleavage

A

-resulting zygote from fertilization divides by mitosis (gives rise to blastocyst)

60
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

-prevents menstruation

61
Q

pregnancy(gestation)

A

-carrying one or more embryos in uterus

62
Q

first trimester

A

-most radical change for mother and embryo
-endometrium grows over blastocyst
-main period of organogeneis
-major structures present by 8 weeks (called a fetus)

63
Q

changes that occur in mother

A

-muscus plug on cervux to protect against infection going in from vagina
-growth of placenta and uterus
-cesstaion of ovulation and menstrual cycle
-breast enlargement
-nausea

64
Q

Second trimester

A

-fetus grows and very active
-mother may feel fetal movement
-uterus grows enough for pregnancy to become obvious

65
Q

third trimester

A

-fetus grows and fills space
-complex interoplay of local regulator and hormones induces/regulates labor (childbirth)
-oxytoncin: causes contraction

66
Q

labor

A

3 stages: dilation (thinning of cervix) , delivery of baby, delivery of placenta

67
Q

lactation

A

-production of milk

68
Q

advantages to sexual reproudtcion

A

increase in variation of offspring
-increase in rate of adaptations
-shuffling of genes
-elimination of harmful gene from pop.

69
Q

ovary

A

-contains many folliles
-female gonads
-lie in abdominal cavity

70
Q

ovulation

A

-expels egg from follicle , the cells of which produce estradiol prior to ovulation

71
Q

spermatogenesis vs. oogenesis

A

-all 4 products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only 1 of 4 becomes egg
-spermatogeneis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood
-sperm are produced continuously w/o prolonged interuptions like oogenesis

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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