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Biology 2 > Ch 41 > Flashcards

Ch 41 Flashcards

1
Q

herbivores

A

eat mainly plants/algae
–larger alimentary canals
-longer cecums

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2
Q

omnivores

A

-animals and plants
-larger alimentary canals

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3
Q

carnivores

A

-eat other animals
-large expandable stomach.
-small cecum

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4
Q

animals are

A

opportunistic feeders

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5
Q

animals diet provides

A

-chemical energy
-organic building blocks
-essentail nutrients

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6
Q

essential nutrients

A

-amino acids
-fatty acids
-vitamins
-minerals

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7
Q

amino acids

A

-require 20
-meat, eggs, and cheese provide essential amino acids (complete proteins)

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8
Q

plant proteins

A

-incomeplete proteins
-need specific plant combinations to receive all amino acids

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9
Q

essential fatty acids

A

-must be obtain through diet
-defiencies are rare

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10
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules
-required in small amounts
-13 essential
-grouped into 2 categories: fat and water soluble
-Water-soluble vitamins:
-dissolved in the water in your body
-easily lost (ie through urine)
-need to be replenished often.
-Fat-soluble vitamins:
-absorbed along with the fats
-can be stored

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11
Q

minerals

A

-simple inorganic nutrients
-usually required in small amounts
-ingesting large amounts can upset homeostatic balance

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12
Q

undernourished individual

A

-use up stored fat/carbs
-break down proteins
-lose muscle mass
-suffer protein deficiency of brain
-die/suffer irreversible damage

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13
Q

person lost at sea

A

-if they drink water, too much NaCl which will cause neurons to misfire and cause hallucination
-sea water has higher osmotic pressure than fluids in body, so body will pull water out of cells to dilute sea water causing to dehydrate body further

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14
Q

epidemiology

A

-study of human health and disease in pop
-where insights of human nutrition came from

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15
Q

hemochromatosis

A

-causes iron buildup w/o excessive iron intake
-women have advantage bc of menstration (remove excess iron from blood)
men can donate blood

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16
Q

ingestion

A

act of eating

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17
Q

digestion

A

chemical: saliva breaks down food
mechanical: chewing

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18
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

-in chemical digestion
-process where bonds are split in molecules w/ addition of water

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19
Q

absorption

A

-uptake of nutrients by body cells

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20
Q

elimination

A

-passage of undigested material out of digestive system

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21
Q

main stages of food processing

A

-ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

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22
Q

intracellular digestion

A

-takes place in animals w/o digestive tract (Platyhelminthes and Cnidarian)
-digestion that takes place inside cell
-food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis
-vacuoles containing food fuse w/ lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes

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23
Q

extracellular digestion

A

-vertebrates, arthropods, more
-breakdown of food particles outside of cells
-occurs in compartments that are continuous w/ outside of animals body

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24
Q

mammalian accessory glands

A

-salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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25
mammalian digestive system
-alimentary canal and accessory glands
26
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of muscles in wall of canal -esophagus and intestines
27
sphincters
-most are autonomic -regulate movement of material between compartments -prevent chyme from entering esophagus and regulate entry into small intestine
28
salivary glands
-deliver saliva to lubricate food -saliva: contains mucus
29
salivary amylase
-initiates breakdown of glucose polymers
30
bolus
-tongue shapes food into bolus (ball) and provides help w/ swallowing
31
pharynx
-throat -junction that opens to both esophagus and trachea
32
esophagus
-connects to stomach
33
trachea
windpipe
34
stomach
-stores food, -secretes gastric juice *(converts a meal to acid chyme) -coordination contraction and relaxation of stomach muscle churn stomaches contents
35
gastric juice
-low ph of 2 -kills bacteria and denatures proteins -made of HCl and pepsin -musucs protects inner lining of stomach from juice
36
pepsin
-protease -protein digesting enzymes -cleaves protein into smaller peptides
37
chief cells
-secrete inactive pepsinogen -pepsinogen activates into pepsin when mixed with HCl
38
small intestines
-longest section -major organ for digestion and absorption -duodenum -transfers nutrients into blood to disperse to body -has large surface area due to villi and microvilli that are exposed to intestinal lumen and greatly increase absorption
38
duodenum
-where chyme from stomach mixes w/ digestive juices from pancreas, liver, gallbladder and small intestine -most absorption occurs here
39
pancreas
-produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin are activated in lumen of duedenum -solution is alkaline and neutralizes acidic chyme
40
no gallbladder
-low fat diet because nothing can break down the fats causing diarrhea (anal leakage)
41
biles
stored in gall bladder -made in liver -aids in digestion and breakdown of fats
42
hepatic portal vein
-carries nutrient rich blood from capillaries of villi to liver, then to heart
43
colon
-in large intestine, before rectum -major function to recover water and salt -houses bacteria (E.coli) that live on unabsorbed organic material -feces becomes more solid as it moves through
44
cecum
-aids in fermentation -large in vegetarian animals -where small and large intestine meet
45
appendix
-extension of cecum -plays minor role in immunity
46
rectum
-storage of feces
47
dentition
animals assortment of teeth -example of structural variation reflecting diet
48
fermentation chambers
-where mutualistic microorganisms digest cellulose -CO2 and methane -herbivores
49
mutalitsic adaptations (elaborate adaptation)
50
glucose homeostasis
-in liver -oxidation of glucose generates ATP to fuel cellular processes -hormones insulin and glucagon regulate breakdown of glycogen into glucose -carb rich meal: raises insulin levels, triggers synthesis of glycogen -low blood sugar: causes glucagon to stimulate break of glycogen into glucose
51
feedback circuits
-regulate digestion, energy storage, appetite
52
energy stored
-in liver and muscle cells in polymer glycogen -excess energy is stored in adipose (most-effiecent )
53
animals w/ simple body plans
-have gastrovascular cavity (functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients)
54
more complex animals
-have digestive tube (called complete digestive tract or an alimentary canal) that connects mouth and anus
55
ruminants
--animals w/ most elaborate adaptations for an herbivorous diet -Ex. cow, deer, etc..
56
leptin
-hormone that play important role in regulating obesity -produced by adipose tissue -can help suppress appetite
57
satiety center in brain
-where hormones regulate long term and short term appetite -Leptin, PYY, Insulin, ghrelin
58
petrels
-birds that become obese as chicks in order to consume enough protein from high fat food -need to consume more than what they burn
59
Obesity
-overnourishment -contributes to type 2 diabetes, cancer in colon and breasts, heart attack and strokes

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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