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CH 42 Flashcards

1
Q

`gills

A

-example of specialized gas exchange system in aniamls
-most cells in multicellular animals cannot directly exchange w/ environment
-out of foldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange
-use countercurrent exchange

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2
Q

diffusion time

A

porptotional to the square of distance
-only efficient over small distances

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3
Q

gastrovascular cavities

A

-have this instead of circulatory system
-Cnidarians
-fnctions as both digestion and distribution of substances throughout body
-wall that encloses is only 2 cells think
–flatworms

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4
Q

circulatory system

A

minimizes diffusion distance in animals w/ many cell layers
-has circulatory fluid, set of interconnnecting vessels, and muscular pump (heart)
-can be open or closed and vary in number of circuits
-in all vertebrates and some invertebrates

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5
Q

open circulatory system

A

-insectcs, arthropods, and most molluscs
-blood bathes organs directly
-there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
-body is full of hemolymph
-fluid that is pumped comes into direct contact with all cells

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6
Q

closed circulatory system

A

-blood is confined to vessels and distinct from interstitial fluid
-more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells
-annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates
-contain blood and specialized connective tissue

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7
Q

cardiovascular system

A

-closed circulatory system in humans and other vertebrates
-arteries, veins, and capillaries ( bloods flows in one direction)

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8
Q

arteries

A

branch into arterioles
-carry blood away from heart to capillaries
-distinguished by flow not O2 content

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9
Q

network of capillaries

A

-called capillary beds
-sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
-blood flow through only 5-10% at a time
-major organ and usually filled to capacity
-difference between BP and osmotic pressure drives fluids out of capillaries at arteriole into venule end

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10
Q

venules

A

converge into veins (distinguished by flow not O2 content
-return blood from capillaries into the heart

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11
Q

atrium

A

blood enters here and is pumped out of ventricle

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12
Q

single circulation

A

-bony fishes, sharks, and rays
–2 chambered heart
-bloood leaving the heart passes through capillary beds (of gills and body) before returning to heart
-oxygen poor blood goes through heart

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13
Q

double circulation

A

Oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left sides of the heart
-amphibians, reptiles (w/ pulmonary and system circuits), mammals

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14
Q

oxygen poor blood
(reptiles and mammals)

A

Flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs

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15
Q

oxygen poor blood (amphibians )

A

Flows through a pulmocutaneous circuit to pick up oxygen through lungs and skin

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16
Q

amphibians and frogs

A

-Have three chambered heart (two atria and one ventricle)
-The ventricle pumps blood into a forked artery that splits the output of the ventricles into the promo continuous circuit in the system circuit

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17
Q

reptiles except birds

A

turtles, snakes, and lizards
-have a three chambered heart, two atria and one ventricle
-alligators and Caymans and other crocodiles have septum that divides ventricle

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18
Q

mammals and birds

A

Have four chambered heart with two atria in two ventricles
-left side pumps and receives oxygen rich blood and right side receives and pumps only oxygen poor blood
-endotherms (require more O2 than ectoderms)

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19
Q

mammalian circulation

A

-blood flow begins with the right ventricle pump blood into the lungs
-lungs load O2 and unload CO2 from blood
-oxygen rich blood from the lungs enters a heart at the left and trim and his pump through the aorta to body tissues by left ventricle

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20
Q

aorta

A

Provides blood to the heart through coronary arteries

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21
Q

blood flow order

A

-vena cava
-right atrium
-tricupid valve
-right ventricle
-pulmanory semilunar valve
-pulmonary artery
-pulmonary veins
-left atrium
-biscuspid valve
-left ventricle
-aorta semilunar valve
aorta

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22
Q

superior vena cava

A

-blood returns to heart from head, neck, and forelimbs
-flow into right atrium

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23
Q

inferior vena cava

A

-blood from trunk and hind limbs
-flow into right atrium

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24
Q

cardiac cycle

A

-heart contracts and relaxes in rhythmic cycle

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25
systole
contraction or pumping -animals w/ longer necks need higher systolic pressure
26
diastole
relaxation or filling
27
heart rate
pulse -number of beats/min
28
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped in single contraction
29
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation/min -depends on both heart and stroke volume
30
4 valves prevent backfloow of blood in heart
-atrioventicular valves: seperate atrium and ventricle -semilunar valves: control blood flow to aorta and pulmonary artery
31
"lub dup" sound
caused by recoil of blood against AV valves (lub) then semilunar valve (dub) valves
32
heart murmur
caused by back flow of blood through defective valve
33
sinoatrial (SA) node
-pace maker -sets rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract -impulses travek to atrioventricular node
34
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
-records impulses thatvtravel during cardiac cycle
35
atrioventricular node
impulses are delayed -then travel to Purkinje fibers that make ventricles contract
36
pacemaker
-regulated by sympathetic (speeds it up) and parasympathetic divisions (slows it down) -regulated by hormones and temp.
37
patterns of blood pressure and flow
Reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
38
central lumen
-vessels cavity
39
endothelium
-epithelial layer that lines blood vessels -smmoth and minimizes resistance
40
capillaries
-thin walls (endothelium and basal lamina) -facilitate gas exchange -slowest blood velocity due to high resistance and large total cross sectional area, and for exchange of materials
41
veins and arteries
-endothelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue -arteries have thicker walls to accommodate high blood pressure
42
blood pressure
-blood flows from higher to lower pressure -pressure of blood that exerts against wall of vessel -rigid vessels: pressure is maintained -less rigid: vessels deform, pressure is lost -determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance due to constriction of aterioles -generally measured in artery of arm (healthy: 120mmHg at systole and 70mm Hg at diastole)
43
vasoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls -increases BP -important inducer: peptide endothelin --help maintain adequate blood flow -caused by smoking or exposure to cold
44
vasodilation
-relaxation of smooth muscles in arterioles -decreases BP -major inducer: Nitric oxide -help maintain adequate blood flow
45
fainting
inadequate blood flow to head
46
lymphatic system
-returns fluid (lymph) that leaks out from capillary beds -drains into veins in the neck
47
blood flow
regulated by nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemicals
48
lymph
-fluid made of mostly white blood cells -re-enter the circulation directly at the Venules end of the capillary bed and indirectly through the lymphatic system
49
lymph nodes
Organs that filter lymph and play in important role in bodies defense
50
edema
Swelling caused by disruption in the flow of lymph
51
blood
Consists of several kinds of cells suspended in liquid matrix called plasma (55% of volume of blood) -cellular elements: 45%, white blood cells, platelets, erythrocytes
52
plasma
water (solvent), ions , plasma proteins, nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, and hormones -about 90% water
53
plasma proteins
-albumin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins (antibodies) -osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting defense
54
ions (blood electrolytes)
-sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate -osmotic balance, pH buffering and regulation of membrane permeability
55
cellular elements in blood
-wear out easily and are being replaced constantly -develop from stem cells (red marrow: ribs, vertebrae, sternum, pelvis) **-leukocytes** (white blood cells, basophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes): defense and immunity, found in/outside of circulatory system **-platelets: **blood clotting **-erythrocytes **(red blood cells): transport O2 and some CO2, contain hemoglobin (iron-containing protein that transports O2)
56
Sickle cell disease
-caused by abnormal hemoglobin protein that form aggregates -aggregates deform erythrocyte into sickle shape -can rupture or block blood vessels
57
thrombus
Blood clot formed within a blood vessel in blocks blood flow
58
coagulation
Formation of a solid clot from liquid blood -reactions converts in active fibrinogen to fibrin (forming clot)
59
erythropoietin (EPO)
Stimulates erythrocyte production when 02 delivery is low
60
stem cells
branch into: -lymphoid cells: B and T cells, lymphocytes -myeloid cells: erythrocytes and leukocytes, platelets
61
cholesterol
steroid that helps maintain membrane fluidity
62
low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production
63
high density lipoprotein (HDL)
Scavengers of cholesterol to return to liver
64
heart disease
Increases with high LDL to HDL ratio ( can be decreased by exercise, not smoking, and avoiding foods w/ trans fats) -inflammation factor -Account for more than half the deaths in US
65
atherosclerosis
-cardiovascular disease -caused by a buildup of plaque deposits within arteries
66
heart attack
-myocardial function -death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries (supply oxygen rich blood to the heart muscle)
67
stroke
Death of nervous tissue in brain -resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head
68
angina pectoris
Caused by partial blockage of coronary arteries and results in chest pains
69
statins
-drug that reduces LDL levels and risk of heart attacks
70
aspirin
Inhibits inflammation and reduces risk of heart attack and stroke -"blood thinner" but doesn't act thin, just prevents platelets to form clots, so makes it ends up making it easier to bleed
71
hypertension
-high BP -promotes arthrosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack and stroke -can be reduced by dietary changes ,exercise, and/or medication
72
gas exchange
Supplies 02 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2 -animals require large, moist respiratory surfaces for exchange -on respiratory surfaces (skin, gills, trachea, and lungs): diffusion
73
partial pressure
Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
74
gas
Diffuses from region of high partial pressure to region of lower partial pressure
75
there is less O2 available in water than in air
Obtaining O2 from water requires greater efficiency than air breathing
76
ventilation
Moves respiratory medium (air) over the respiratory surface(lungs) -aquatic animals move through water or move water over their gills for ventilation
77
trachea system in insects
Consist of tiny branching tubes that penetrate the body -tracheal tubes: supply O2 directly to body cells -separated respiratory and circulatory systems -large insect mess ventilate their tracheal system to meet O2 demands
78
countercurrent exchange system
-blood flows in opposite direction to water passing over gills -blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it meets
79
lungs
infolding of the body surface -size and complexity correlate with animals metabolic rate -study slides that explain process
80
alveoli
-where gas exchange takes place -air sacs at tips of bronchioles -oxygen diffuses through the moist film of epithelium and into capillaries -surfactants coat surface -preterm babies lack surfactants and are vulnerable to respiratory distress syndrome
81
positive pressure breathing
Forces air down trachea -amphibians
82
birds breathing
Eight or nine air sacs that function as Bellows that keep air flowing through lungs -passes through lungs and one direction -every exhalation completely remove the air in the lungs
83
negative pressure breathing
pulls air into lungs -mammals -lung vol. increase as rib muscles and diaphragm contact
84
tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled with each breath
85
vital capacity
Maximum tidal volume
86
Residual volume
Air that remains in the lungs
87
Breathing control centers
-Medulla oblongata: regulates rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in cerebral spinal fluid and to match metabolic demands -pons: regulates tempo
88
sensors in aorta and carotid artery
Monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood -exert secondary control over breathing
89
adaptations for gas exchange
Include pigments that bind and transfer gases
90
respiratory pigments
Proteins that transfer oxygen -greatly increase the amount of oxygen in the blood can carry -arthropods/molluscs: have hemocyanin with copper as oxygen binding component -vertebrates and some invertebrates: have hemoglobin
91
hemoglobin
-can carry 4 molecules of O2 -helps transport CO2 and assists in buffering the blood -CO2 diffuses into blood bound to hemoglobin and is transported into blood plasma
92
Bohr shift
CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases affinity of hemoglobin for 02
93
diving mammals
-underwent evolution airy adaptations that allow them to perform extraordinary feats -have high blood to body volume ratio -Ex. Weddell seals and elephant seals -stockpile O2 and depleted it slowly -Store oxygen in muscles in myoglobin proteins
94
diving mammals conserve oxygen by
-changing their buoyancy to glide passively -decreasing blood supply to muscles -deriving ATP in muscles from fermentation once oxygen is depleted
95
2 mechanisms that control blood distribution in capillary beds
1. contraction of smooth muscle layering arteriole wall 2. precapillary sphincters control blood flow between arteries and venules

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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