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Biology 2 > Ch 50 > Flashcards

Ch 50 Flashcards

1
Q

sensory receptors

A

-transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to CNS
-involved converting energy into a change in membrane potential
-stimuli from diff. receptors travel as action potential along dedicated neural pathways
-brain distinguishes stimuli from diff. receptors based on areas of brain where action potential arrive

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2
Q

sensory pathways have 4 functions in common

A

-sensory reception
-transduction
-transmission
-integration

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3
Q

perception

A

brains contruction of stimuli
-sensory experience of the world

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4
Q

amplification

A

strengthening of stimulus energy of cells in sensory pathways
-brain may increase or decrease input based on what other sounds are around and what is more important

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5
Q

sensory adaptation

A

decrease responsiveness to continued stimulation

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6
Q

5 categories of sensory receptors

A

-mechanorecptors
-chemoreceptors
-electromagnetic receptors
-thermoreceptors
-pain receptors

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7
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

-sense physical deformation cause by stimuli (pressure, stretch, motion and sound)
-ex. knee jerk response (stretch receptor)
-

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8
Q

chemoreceptors

A

-transmit info. about total solute [ ] of a solution
-detect changes in the chemical composition of the blood and send information to the brain to regulate cardiovascular and respiratory functions.

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9
Q

electromagnetic receptors

A

detect electromagnetic energy (light, electricity and magnetism)
-many animals move using the Earths magnetic field

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10
Q

theromoreceptor

A

-respond to temp.
-help regulate body temp. by signaling both surface and core temp/
-mammals have a # of kinds of thermorecptors ( each for a particular temp. range)

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11
Q

pain receptors

A

-nociceptors
-naked dendrites in epidermis
-respond to excess heat, pressure, or chemicals released from damaged or inflamed tissues

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12
Q

statocysts

A

organs that most invertebrates use to maintain equilibrium using mechanoreceptors
-help in sensing gravity and sound

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13
Q

statoliths

A

-mechanoreceptors that detect movement of granules in statocysts

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14
Q

hearing

A

-sound causes tympanic membrane to vibrate
-3 bones in middle ear transmit vibrations to oval widow on cochlea
-vibrtaions create pressure wave sin fluid in cochlea that travel to vestibular canal
-pressure waves in canal cause the basilar membrane to vibrate (bending hair cells)
-bending depolarizes membranes of mechanoreceptors and sends action potentials to brain via auditory nerve
-fluid waves dissipate when they strike round window of tympanic canal

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15
Q

equilibrium

A

several organs in inner ear detect body movement, position, and balance
-utricle and saccule

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16
Q

utricle and saccule

A

-contain granules called otoliths that allow us to perceive position relative to gravity or linear movement

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17
Q

3 semicircular canals

A

contain fluid
-detect angular movement in any direction
-responsible for balance

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18
Q

lateral line system

A

-most fishes and aquatic amphibians
-contains mechanoreceptors with hair cells that detect and respond to water movement
-

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19
Q

photoreceptors

A

-light detectors
-cells that contain light absorbing pigment molecules
-simplest light detecting organs are in planarians (allows to move away from light and seek shaded locations) (Ocelli)

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20
Q

compound eyes

A

-consist of up to several thousand light detectors called ommatidia
-insects and crustaceans
-very effective at detecting movement

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21
Q

single lens eyes

A

-some jellies, polychaetes, spiders, and many mollucs
-iris changes diameter of the pupil to control how much light enters
-all vertebrates (eye detects light/color, the brain processes info and perceives image)

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22
Q

rhodopsin

A

-used by both rods and cones
Steps for activation:
-light concerts cis-retinal to trans-retinal
-trans-retinal activated rhodopsin
-activates G-protein
-leads to hydrolysis of cyclic GMP
-hyperolarizes the cell
-signal tranduction pathway shuts off when enzymes convert trans-retinal back to cis-retinal

23
Q

bipolar cells

A

-either hyper polarized or depolarized in response to glutamate in the processing of visual info in retina

24
Q

dark response

A

-rhodospin inactive
-Na+ channels open
-Rod depolorized
-Glutamate released
-Bipolar cell either depolarized/hyperpolarized, depending on glutamate receptors

25
light response
-rhodopsin active -Na+ channels closed -Rod hyperpolarized -no glutamate released -Bipolar cell either depolarized/hyperpolarized, depending on glutamate receptors
26
lateral inhibition
-enhnaced contrast in image -results from interactions among diff. cells
27
optic chasm
-where optic nerves meet -near cerebral cortex (back of head) -senstaions from left visual field are transmitted to right side of brain -senstaions from right visual field are transmitted to left side of brain
28
lateral geniculate nuclei
-where most ganglion cell axons lead to
29
primary visual cortex
-where the lateral geniculate nuclei relay info to -in cerebrum
30
polarized light quiz up to this point
-vibrates or oscillates in only one direction
31
arthropods hearing
-sense sounds w/ body hairs that vibrate or w/ localized ears w/ tympanic membrane and receptor cells
32
transduction of visual info. to nervous system
begins when light indices the conversion of cis-retinal to trans-retinal (activates rhodopsin) -activates G protein -which then leads to hydrolysis of cyclic GMP -when cyclic GMP breaks down, Na+ channels close -which hyper polarizes cell -usually shuts off when enzyme converts retinal back to cis-retinal
33
processing of visual info. begins where?
retina
34
rods and cones
-in the dark release neurotransmitter glutamate into synapses w/ bipolar cells -in the light, hyper polarize, shutting off release of glutamate
35
other neurons that contribute to info processing in retina
-ganglion cells: transmit signals from bipolar cell to brain -horizontal ana amacrine cells: help integrate visual info. before sent to brain
36
fovea
a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. -high concentraction of cones
37
gustation
-dependent on detection of chemical (tastants)
38
olfaction
-dependent on the detection of ordorant molecules
39
taste receptors of insects
-are in sensory hair (sensible) -located on feet and in mouth parts
40
taste bud
-no particular region for specific type of taste -each bud contains: sweet, salty, sour, biter, umami (elicited by glutamate) -
41
skeletal muscle
-called striated muscle -regular movement of myofibrils create light/dark band pattern
42
myofibrils
2 kinds: -thin filaments: 2 strands of actin and 2 strands of regulatory protein -thick filaments: staggered array of myosin
43
sarcomere
-functional unit of a muscle -bordered by Z lines
44
myosin head
-binds to actin -froms cross bidge -pulls thin filament toward center of sacomere =muscle contract (reuqires repeated cycles binding/release) and for myosin binding site to be uncovered
45
sliding filament model
-filaments slide past each pther longitudinally procusing overlap between filaments
46
tropomysin and troponin complex
-set of additonal proteins -bind to actin filamnet when muscle is a rest -prevents actin and myosin from interacting -Ca2+, released by sarcoplasmic reticlum, binds to troponin complex, exposing myosin binding sites -contraction occurs when CA2+ is high and stops when its low -acetylcholine depolarizes cell, cuasing an action potential, leading to a contraction
47
t tublues
-where action potential travels throguh to get to sarcoplamsic reticulum
48
sarcoplasmic reticulum
49
motor unit
-single motot neuron and all muscle fibers it controls
50
tetanus
-state of smooth and sustained contraction produced when motor neurons deliever a volley of action otentials -stiff muscles
51
myoglobin
protein that binds to oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin
52
slow twitch fibers
-mitochondria dense -oxidative: rely on aerobic respiration to generate ATP -contract more slowly but longer contractions
53
fast twitch fibers
-rapid and shorter contractions -glycolytic or oxidative -glycolytic: use glycolysis as source of ATP

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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