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Biology 2 > CH 49 > Flashcards

CH 49 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nervous system

A

command and control system
-circuit of neurons and supporting cells

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2
Q

nerve nets

A

-series of interconnected nerve cells
-in Cnidarians and Echinodermata
-more complex animals have nerves
-sea stars have nerve net in each arm

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3
Q

nerves

A

bundles that consist axons of multiple nerve cells

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4
Q

annelids and arthropods

A

-have segmentally arranged clusters of neurons called ganglia

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5
Q

simple cephalized animals

A

-ex. flatworms
-have CNS

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6
Q

sessile molluscs

A

-clams and chitons
-have simple nerve systems

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7
Q

complex molluscs

A

-octopuses and squids
-more sophisticated systems

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8
Q

vertebrates NS

A

-CNS (brain and spinal cord: conveys info to/from brain, produces reflexes independently of brain)
-PNS

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9
Q

reflex

A

-bodys automatic response to stimulus

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10
Q

gray matter

A

-unmyelinated axons
-neuron bodies, dendrites
-enables movement, memory, emotions

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11
Q

white matter

A

-myelinated axons
-conducts,proccesses, and sends nerve signals up/down spinal cord

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12
Q

motor system

A

-carries signals to skeletal muscles
-voluntary
-efferent component of PNS

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-regulates smooth and cardiac muscles
-genrally involuntary
-efferent component of PNS
-3 parts: sympthatic, parasympathetic, and enteric

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14
Q

sympathetic division

A

-regulates arousal and energy generation
-fight or flight

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15
Q

more on sympathetic divisions

A

-dilates pupil
-inhibits salivary gland
-relaxes bronchi
-accelerates heart
-inhibits activity of stomach/intestines
-inhibits activity of pancreas
-stimulates glucose release form liver
-inhibits galbladder
-stimulates adrenal medulla
-inhibits emptying go bladder
-promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions

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16
Q

parasympathetic divison

A

-throwing up after running because this system tells the digestive system to clear out to put blood where it’s needed more
-antagonistic effects on organs
-promotes calming and return to “rest and digest” functions

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17
Q

more on parasympathetic divison

A

-constricts pupil
-stimulates salivary gland
-constrictes bronchi in lungs
-slows heart
-stimulates activity of stomach and intestines
-stimulates gallbladder
-promotes emptying of bladder
-promotes erection

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18
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

-fills hollow parts of brain (ventricles) and central canal of spinal cord
-filtered from blood
-cushions brain and spinal cord
-provides nutrients
-removes waste

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19
Q

afferent neurons

A

-transmit info to CNS
-interal/external stimuli> sensory receptors> afferent neurons> CNS

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20
Q

efferent neurons

A

-transmit info away from CNS
-CNS> efferent neurons> EITHER autonomic nervous system or motor system
-if goes to autonomic system then >sympathetic, parasympathetic , or energetic divisions
-if goes to motor system> control of skeletal muscle

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21
Q

enteric divisions

A

-controls activity of digestive tract, pancreas and gall bladder

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22
Q

forebrain

A

-telencephalon (cerebrum)
-diencephalon( thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

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23
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon (midbrain)

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24
Q

hindbrain

A

metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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25
Q

reticular formation

A

-network of neurons at core of brainsrain
–regulates amount/type of info that reaches cerebral cortex
-affects alertness

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26
Q

biological clock

A

-molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression
-typically synchronized with light/dark cycles
-what mammalian circadian rhythm relies on

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27
Q

circadian rhythm

A

-coordinated group of neurons in hypothalamus called suprachiasmatic nucleus (in mammals), can act as pacemaker (synchronizing biological clock)

28
Q

limbic system

A

-motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory

29
Q

emotions

A
30
Q

amygdala

A

-structure most important to the storage of emotion in the memory
-mass of nuclei near base of cerebrum

31
Q

cerebrum

A

-control arousal and sleep
-largest structure in brain
-awarness, language, cognition, memory, and consciousness
-4 regions: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital)

32
Q

cerebral cortex

A

-outer layer of cerebrum
-receives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors

33
Q

hippocampus

A

-longterm memory formation
-memory retrieval

34
Q

hypothalamus

A

helps manage your body temperature, hunger and thirst, mood, sex drive, blood pressure and sleep.

35
Q

thalamus

A

directs diff. types of input to distinct locations

36
Q

frontal lobe

A

-damage may cause issues in executive functions, impair decision making and emotion responses
-reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language
-Broca’s area
-prefrontal cortex:

37
Q

primary motor cortex

A

-precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
-responsible for processing movements
-strip running along the side of the brain is in charge of voluntary movements like waving goodbye
-neurons are arranged according to part of body that gernates input or receives commands

38
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

decision making and planning in actions/movements
-where integrated sensory info. passes through
-“rational part”

39
Q

Brocas area

A

-actiavted when speech is generated

40
Q

temporal lobe

A

-auditory cortex
-short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition
-where wernicke’s area is located

41
Q

wernickes area

A

-comprehending language
-activated when speech is heard

42
Q

parietal lobe

A

involved in processing information from the body’s senses
-contains the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch, temperature, and pain.

43
Q

somatosensory receptors

A

-provide info about touch, pain, pressure, temp, and position of muscles/limbs
-in parietal lobe

44
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

-postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
-responsible for processing sensations
-neurons are arranged according to part of body that gernates input or receives commands

45
Q

occipital lobe

A

-visual cortex
-procecess visual stimuli and pattern recognition

46
Q

brain stem

A

-control arousal and sleep
-core has reticular formation

47
Q

left hemisphere

A

-more adept at language, math, logic, and processing of serial sequences

48
Q

right hemisphere

A

-stronger at pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, emotional processing

49
Q

laterialization

A

-differences in hemisphere function
-partly linked to handedness
-2 hemispheres work together by communicating through fibers of corpus callous

50
Q

neural plasticity

A

-ability of nervous system to be modified after birth
-changes can strengthen/weaken signaling at synapse

51
Q

short term memory

A

-accessed via hippocampus

52
Q

long term memory

A

-hippocampus plays a role in forming but It stored in cerebral cortex

53
Q

long term potentiation

A

-form of learning
-involves an increase in the strength of synaptic transmission
-involves glutamate receptors

54
Q

nervous system disorders

A

schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction, alzhemiers, Parkinson’s
-environemntal and genetic contributions

55
Q

schizophrenia

A
  • 1% of pop.
    -halluncinations, delusions, and other symptoms
    -treatment: dopamine
56
Q

can change receptors can change response by synapse by changing ion channels

A
57
Q

stem cells

A

-play essential role in learning and memory

58
Q

depression

A

-major depressive disorder: persistent lack of interest/pleasure in most activities
-bipolar disorder: manic and depressive phases
-treatment: Prozac, SSRIs

59
Q

Alzhemiers

A

-mental deterioration
-confusion and memory loss
-caused by formation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques in brain
-no cure

60
Q

parkinsons

A

motor disorder
-cause by death of dopamine secreting neurons in midbrains

61
Q

drug addiction

A

-triggers positive feed back
-complusion
-leads to long-lasting changes in reward circuitry that causes craving for drug

62
Q

simplest animals w/nervous systems (cnidarians)

A

-have neurons arranged in nets

63
Q

cephalization

A

-clustering of sensory organs at front end of body
-exhibited by bilaterally symmetrical animals

64
Q

nerves system organization usually correlates with life style

A
65
Q

pineal gland

A

-releases melatonin
-plays a role in bird/mammal sleep cycles

66
Q

sleep

A

may play a role in consolidation of learning and memory
-important to sleep at least a little bit if pulling an all nighter
-cycles are example circadian rhythms

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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