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Biology 2 > Ch 40 > Flashcards

Ch 40 Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

-study of biological functions organism performs

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2
Q

anatomy

A

study of biological form of an organism

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3
Q

convergent evolution

A

environment infurencing form of organism
occurs when species occupy similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways in response to similar selective pressures.

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4
Q

rate of exchange

A

proportional to cells surface area

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5
Q

interstitial fluid

A

-allows for movement of material into and out of cells

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6
Q

tissues

A

-4 categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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7
Q

epithelial tissue

A

-outside of body
-lines organs and cavities
-cells closely joined together
shape:
-cubodial: dice
-squamous: flattened
-columnar: long bricks
layers:
-simplied: 1 layer
-stratfied : multiple layers of cells
-pseudostratified columnar

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8
Q

connective tissue

A

-binds and supports
-sparsely packed cells scattered through extracellular matrix (fibers in liquid, jellylike or solid foundation)
-contains fibroblast and macrophages

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9
Q

3 types of connective fiber made of protein

A

-collagenous fiber
-elsatic fibers
-reticular

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10
Q

fibroblast

A

-secrte protein of extracellular fibers

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11
Q

macrophage

A

-involved in immune system

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12
Q

6 types of connective tissue

A

-cartilage
-tendons
-ligaments
-blood
-adipose tissue
-bone

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13
Q

muscle tissue

A

-long cells (muscle fibers)
-contract in reponse to nerve signals
3 types
-skeletal:
-smooth:
-cardiac:

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14
Q

nervous tissue

A

-senses stimuli and transmit signals
Contains:
-neurons: transmit nerve impulses
-glial cells: help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons

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15
Q

signaling by hromones

A

-takes longer
-slow acting by can be long lasting
-signal travels everywhere
-stimulus: endocrine cell

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16
Q

signaling by nerves

A

-quick
-signal travels to specific location
-stimulus: neuron

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17
Q

endocrine system

A

-transmit chemical signals (hormones) to receptive cells through blood

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18
Q

nervous systen

A

-transmit info. between specific locations
-info conveyed depends on signals pathway not type of signal
-signal transmission is very fast
–can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells and exocrine cells

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19
Q

regulator

A

-uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in face of external, environmental fluctuation

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20
Q

conformer

A

-allows its internal condition to vary w/ certain external changes

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21
Q

Borhs effect

A

-drop in pH which reduces hemoglobins affinity for oxygen

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22
Q

homeostasis

A

-process to maintain steady state
-internal balance regardless of external environment
-humans: temp., blood pH, glucose [ ], each maintained at constant level

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23
Q

mechanisms of homeostais

A

–moderate changes in internal environment
-set point: stimulis, detected by a sensor and trigger a response
-circadian rhythm

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24
Q

negative feedback

A

-helps return variable to normal range
-helps reach equilibrium of homeostasis

25
positive feedback
-amplifies stimulus -does not contribute to homeostatsis in animals
26
acclimatization
-process where homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment
27
thermoregulation
-process by which animals maintain an internal temp within a tolerable range
28
endothermic
-aniamls generate heat by metabolism -birds and mammals -active at greater range of external temp -more energetically expensive
29
ectotherms
-gain heat from external sources -most invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians and again reptiles -tolerate greater variation in internal temp
30
exchange heat by 4 physical processes
-radiation -evaporation -convection -conduction
31
integumentary system
-skin, hair, nails -helps to thermoregulate
32
5 adaptations help animals thermoregulate
-insulation -circulatory adaptations -cooling by evaporating heat loss -behavioral repsonses -adjusting metabolic heat production
33
insulation
-especiallly important in marine animals -skin, feathers, blubber reduce heat loss
34
circulatory adaptations
-regulation of blood flow near body surface -vasodilation: blood flow increases (facilitating heat loss) -vasocontriction: blood flow in skin decreases (lowering heat loss)
35
countercurrent exchange
-transfer heat between fluids flowing in opp. directions -reduce heat loss -arrangement of blood vessels in marine animals/birds allow for this -bony fishes/sharks also use this -endothermic insects: helps maintain high temp. in thorax
36
cooling by evaporating heat loss
-panting -sweating
37
behavioral responses
some teretsial vertebrates: have postures that minimize/maximine absorption of solar heat -bees shake their butts
38
adjusting metabolic heat production
-thermogeneis : increased by muscle activity (moving/shivering) to increase body temp. -nonshivering thermogenesis: hormones cause mitochondria to increase metabolic activity -some ectoderms also shiver
39
hypothalamis
-where thermoregulation is controlled -triggers heat loss/generating mechanisms
40
bioenergenetics
overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal -determines how much food an animals needs -related to an animals size, activity, environment
41
biosynthesis
-includes body growth and repair -synthesus of storage material (fat) -production of gametes
42
metabolic rate
amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time -can be determined by : animals heat loss and amount of oxygen consumed/CO2 produced -influenced by size, activity, if endo/ectoderm -proportional to body mass to the power of 3 quarters (m3/4) -maximum is inversely related to duration of activity -energy is partitioned to BMR or SMR activity
43
Basal metabolic rate
-metabolic rate of endoderm at rest at comfortable temp
44
standard metabolic rate
metabolic rate of ectoderm at rest at a specific temp.
45
torpor
-physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
46
hibernation
-long term topor -adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
47
estivation
-summer topor -enables animals to survive long periods of high temps. and scarce water
48
daily torpor
-exhibited by many small mammals (hummingbirds) -seems adapted to feeding patterns
49
digestive system
-mouth, pharynx, stomach, intestines, esophagus, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder -food processing
50
circulatory system
-heart, vessels, blood -internal distribution of materials
51
respiratory system
lungs- trachea, other breathing tubes -gas exchange
52
immune/lymphatic system
-bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells
53
excretory system
-kidneys, ereters, urinary bladder, urethra -disposal of metabolic wastes -regulation of osmotic balance of blood
54
endocrine system
-pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal -coordination of body activities (digestion/metabolism)
55
reproductive system
-ovaries, testes, others -reproduction
56
nervous system
-brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs -coordination of body activities, detection of stimuli -formation of responses
57
integumentary
-skin, hair, skin glands, nails -protection against mechanical injuries, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation
58
skeletal
-bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage -body support, protection of organs, movement
59
muscular
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles -locomotion and other movement

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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