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Biology 2 > Ch. 44 > Flashcards

Ch. 44 Flashcards

1
Q

osmoregulation

A

-regulate dilute concentrations and balances gain and loss of water
-based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and external environment

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2
Q

excretion

A

gets ride of nitrogenous metabolites and other waste products

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3
Q

freshwater animals

A

-show adaptations that reduce water uptake and conserve solutes

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4
Q

desert and marine animals

A

face desiccating environments that can quickly deplete body water

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5
Q

albatroz bird

A

has special glands and ATP to pump sodium and chloride from sea water
-liquid comes out of nostril looking holes which is connected to glands in head
-spemd most of their time flying

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6
Q

osomolarity

A

-solute concentration of solution determines movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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7
Q

isoosmotic

A

-water is equal in both directions

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8
Q

2 solutions differ in osmolarity

A

-net flow of water is from the hypo osmotic to hyper osmotic solution

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9
Q

osmoconformers

A

-most marine invertebrates
-isoosmotic w/ their surrounding and do not regulate their osmolarity

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10
Q

osmoregulater

A

-humans
-expend energy to control water uptake and loss in hyper osmotic or hypo osmotic environment
-most marine vertebrates and some invertebrates

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11
Q

stenohaline

A

-most animals
-cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

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12
Q

euryhaline

A

-other animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

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13
Q

compare/contrast osmoregulation in fresh and marine fishes

A

marine fish:
1. gain salt ions/water from food and seawater
2. excrete salt ion from gills
3.osmotic water loss through gills
4. excrete salt ions and little water through scanty urine
freshwater:
1. gain of water and some ions from food
2.uptake of salt ion by gills
3. osmotic water gain through gills
4. excrete salt ion and a lot of water through dilute urine

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14
Q

anhydrobiosis

A

-adaptation where aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all body water and survive in dormant state

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15
Q

tardigrade

A

-water bears
-can handle anhydrobiosis

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16
Q

land animals

A

-terrestial: body coverings help prevent dydration, maintain water balance by eating moist food and producing water metabolically through cellular respiration
-desert: save water from certain anatomical features and being nocturnal
-

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17
Q

amount of energy expended to maintain osmotic gradients differs based on..

A

-how diff. animals osmolarity is from surroundings
-how eaisly water and solutes move across animals surface
-work required to pump solutes across the membrane

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18
Q

salmon

A

born in freshwater and travel to salt and then back to freshwater
-change ion transporters

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19
Q

Galapagos iguanas

A

-have gland to expel salt
-look like their sneezing

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20
Q

transport epithelia

A

-epitehlial cells that are specialized for moving solutes in specific directions
-typically arranged in complex tubular networks
-Ex. nasal gland in marine birds (Rome excess salt from blood)

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21
Q

animals nitrogenous wastes reflect…

A

its phylogeny and habitat

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22
Q

most significant water of nitrogenous breakdown products are

A

proteins and nucleic acids
-different forms: ammonia, urea, and uric acid
-differ in toxicity and energy costs

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23
Q

bird poop

A

-dark spot is feces
-white is uric acid

24
Q

ammonia

A

some animals convert toxic ammonia to less toxic compounds prior to excretion
-animals that secrete ammonia need access to lots of water
-secerte through whole surface or gills

25
urea
-some mammals and most adult amphibians convert ammona to urea -less toxic -circulatory system carries urea to kidneys, then excreteed -conversion is energy expensive -excretion requires less water
26
uric acid
insects, land snails, many reptiles including birds mainly excrete uric acid -relatively nontoxic -doesnt dissolve readily in water -secreted as paste w/ little water loss -most energetically expensive
27
filtrate
liquid formed from filtration in kidneys -added to urine
28
key function of most excretory systems
-diversity is due to variations on tubular theme -regulate solute movement between internal fluids and external environment 1. filtration of body fluids 2. reabsorption: reclaiming valuable solutes 3. secretion: adding nonessential solutes and wastes from body fluids to filtrate 4. excretion: release of filtrate containing nitrogenous waste out of body -includes complex network of tubules
29
protonephridium
-network of dead end tubules connected to external openings -flame bulb: cellular unit that caps smallest branch of network -excrete dilute fluid and function in osmoregulation -in basal organisms (ex. flatworm)
30
Malpighian tubules
-insects and terrestial arthropods -removes nitrogenous waste from hemolymph -function is osmoregulation -insects produce dry matter of mostly uric acid and some can take up water from air
31
kidneys
-osmolarity changes going towards inner medulla -excretory organs in vertebrates -function in both excretion and osmoregulation -study diagrams of kidneys and slides
32
proximal tubulue
-reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients -molecules transported actively/passively from filtrate into interstitial fluid then to capillaries -some toxic materials secreted into filtarte -filtrate passes through, materials becomes concentrated -filtrate volume decreases but its osmolarity remains the same
33
descending limb of loop of Henle
-reabsorption of water continues through formed by aquaorins -movement driven by high osmolarity of interstitial fluid (hyper osmotic to filtrate) -filtrate becomes increasingly concentrated
34
ascending limb of loop of Henle
salt is able to diffuse from tubule into interstitial fluid -filtrate becomes increasingly dilute
35
distal tubule
-regulates K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids (controlled movement contributes to pH regulation)
36
collecting duct
-carries filtrate through medulla to renal pelvis -important task: reabsorption of solutes and water -urine is hyper osmotic to body fluids -filtrates through osmolarity gradient -more water exits filtrate by osmosis -urea diffuses out as it traverses inner medulla
37
counter current multiplier system
involving loop of Henle maintains a high salt concentration in kidney -allows the vasa recta to supply the kidney with the nutrients without interfering with osmolarity gradient
38
loop of Henle
-birds has short loop -mamals; have long loop -fresh water: short loop -other reptiles: only cortical nephrons (secrete Uric acid)
39
marine bony fishes
Hypoosmotic compared to their environment -kidneys have small glomeruli and some lack glomeruli -filtration rate is slow -little urine excreted
40
South American vampire bat
-kidneys produce either very little dilute or very concentrated urine -allows bat to reduce body weight rapidly or digest large amounts of proteins while conserving water
41
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-controls amount of water reabsorbed by nephrons -makes collecting duct epithelium more permeable to water -triggered by increase of osmolarity , helps conserve water -binding to receptor molecules leads to temporary increase in number of aquaporin proteins in membrane of collecting duct cells -mutation causes severe dyhradtion and results in diabetes insipidus -alcohol inhibits ADH release
42
renin angiotensin aldosterone system(RAAS)
-triggered to bring BP up -part of complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis -responds tp decrease in blood volume
43
juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
-drop in BP triggers JGA to release enzyme renin which triggers angiotensin II (peptide)
44
angiotensin II
-raises blood pressure and decreases blood flow to kidneys -stimulates release of aldosterone (hormone) which increases blood volume and pressure
45
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
-hormone that opposes RAAS -released in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure and inhibits release of renin
46
kind of nitrogenous waste depends on
animals evolutionary history, habitat (water availability )
47
nitrogenous waste
-urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine -prodcued from protein metabolism
48
metanephridia
- in earthworm -consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion -open-ended
49
hyper osmotic urine
Can be produced only because considerable energy is expended to transport salutes against concentration gradients
50
2 primary solutes affecting osmolarity
NaCl and urea (form osmotic gradient that enables kidney to produce urine that is hyperosmotic to blood
51
juxtamedullary nephron
-in mammals -key to water conservation and terrestrial animals
52
mammals in dry habitats and fresh water
-dry: have long loops of hence -freshwater: short
53
freshwater fishes
-conserve salt in dital tubules and excrete large vol. of dilute urine
54
amphibians
-conserve water on land by reabsorbing water from urinary bladder -kidney function similar to freshwater fishes
55
ADH and RAAS
Both increase water reabsorption -only RAAS: responds to a decrease in blood volume

Biology 2 (18 decks)

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