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Bio 2 > Ch38 > Flashcards

Ch38 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?

A

Neuron

Glial

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2
Q

What are the neuronal functions?

A

receive
process
transmit information
to control movements of the body

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3
Q

What are glial functions?

A

provide nutrients
regulate interstitial fluid that bathes neurons
modulating communication between neurons
speed up movement of electrical signals of neurons

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4
Q

What are the four main parts of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell Body
  3. Axon
  4. Synaptic Terminals
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5
Q

What are Dendrites and their function?

A

branches protruding from the cell body

“receive information”

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6
Q

Name places where Dendrites can be found and their specific function.

A

Sensory Neurons-
produce electrical signals in response to stimuli from odor, pressure, light, temp, blood pH
Brain & Spinal Neurons-
respond to chemicals (neurotransmitters)

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7
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals released from neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

What is a cell body and its function?

A

the part of the neuron that contains organelles

“process information” coordinates neurons and metabolic activity

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9
Q

How does a cell body complete its function?

A

adds up the signals produced by dentries. Negative or Positive
If large amount of positive cell produces action potential

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10
Q

What is action potential?

A

a large rapid electrical signal transmitted from a cell body

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11
Q

What is a Axon and its function?

A

a long thin strand extended away from the cell body

conducts action potential

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12
Q

What are the longest cells in the human body?

A

Axon neurons -

they can stretch from your spinal cord to your toes

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13
Q

What are bundled axons called?

A

Nerves

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14
Q

What is synapse?

A

when one neuron communicates with another cell

innervates

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15
Q

What does synapse consist of?

A
  1. synaptic terminal- swollen end of axon “sending” neuron
  2. “receiving” neuron
  3. small gap separating the two ^
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16
Q

Information carried ____ a neuron by electrical signals

A

within

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17
Q

Information is transmitted _____neurons by neurotransmitters

A

between

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18
Q

What is resting potential?

A

the constant electrical charge an inactive neuron still retains
-always negative -40 to -90 millivolts

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19
Q

What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system?

A

The Neuron

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20
Q

What are the neutrons functions?

A
  1. Receive info
  2. Process info
  3. Conduct electrical signals
  4. Transmit info
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21
Q

What are the steps of the action potential, as recorded in an oscilloscope? What causes each?

A
  1. Resting potential - voltage inside the cell is -40 to -90mV
  2. Stimulation - cell becomes less ( ^) or more negative
  3. Threshold - significant less negativity triggers action potential (-30)
  4. Action potential - Na+ enters the cell K+ exits the cells
  5. Resting potential
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22
Q

What are EPSP? Where are they added to produce an Action Potential?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

to the axon helix ( between the cell body and axon)

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23
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

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24
Q

What is a neurotransmitter? Give some examples.

A 
Acetylcholine
Dopamine 
Norepinephrin
Serotonin
Glutamate
Glycine
GABA
Endorphins
Nitric Oxide
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25
Q

Acetylcholine

A

motor neuron- activates skeletal muscles

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26
Q

Dopamine

A

midbrain- emotions movement

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27
Q

Norepinephrin

A

sympathetic nervous system - activates target organs

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28
Q

Serotonin

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla- influences mood and sleep

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29
Q

Glutamate

A

many areas of the brain and spinal cord- excitatory neurotrans. in CNS

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30
Q

Glycine

A

spinal cord- inhibitory neurotrans. in spinal cord

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31
Q

GABA

A

many areas in brain and spinal cord- inhibitory in brain

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32
Q

Endorphins

A

many areas in brain and spinal cord- mood, reduce pain sensations

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33
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

many areas in the brain- forming memories

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34
Q

What neurotransmitter uptake is blocked by the use of most antidepressants?

A

Serotonin

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35
Q

Does the action potential decrease as it moves along the axon?

A

Action potential remains the same (it hops from node to node)

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36
Q

Why does repeated use of drugs results in a decrease in the response to the drug?

A

because the receptors internalize creating a type of “resistance”

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37
Q

What is a synapse?

A

site in which a cell communicates with another cell

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38
Q

What is a threshold?

A

When the neuron is stimulated past -30 mV “all or nothing” depolarization necessary to activate action potential

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39
Q

What is the function(s) of myelin in an axon?

A

Speed up action potential (conduction of the axon) with glial cell insulation

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40
Q

How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded by the nervous system?

A
  1. frequency- the neuron produces action potential

2. recruitment- more neurons excited by action p.

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41
Q

What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?

A

Spinal Cord

Brain

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42
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

to coordinate movements - compares information from both centers in the forebrain

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43
Q

What brain system is responsible for primitive emotions?

A

Limbic System - includes hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and nearby regions in the cerebral cortex

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44
Q

What area of the brain is involved in higher functions?

A

Frontal Lobe- cerebral cortex

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45
Q

What are the main lobes of the brain and what functions are assigned to them?

A
  1. Frontal - higher functions, speech, motor areas
  2. Temporal- auditory, memory, comprehension, language
  3. Parietal- sensory
  4. Occipital- visual
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46
Q

What are the parts that make the hindbrain and its functions?

A
  1. Medulla- controls automatic functions (breathing, HR, BP)
  2. Pons- influence transitions between sleep and awake ( rate + pattern of breathing)
  3. Cerebellum- coordinates movement
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47
Q

What parts make the midbrain and what are their functions?

A
  1. auditory relay center
  2. clusters of neurons that control eye movement
  3. Reticular formation- groups of neurons from medulla pons and midbrain
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48
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord? What are the two regions of the spinal cord called and why?

A

transmit signals to and from the brain and control reflexes
Grey matter- contains cell bodies
White matter- contains myelin

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49
Q

What are the differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the CNS?

A

Sympathetic- releases neurotransmitter Norepinephrin to prepare the body for stress “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic- releases neurotransmitter Acetylcholine for rest and digestion

50
Q

What kind of neurons activates muscles? Where are their cell bodies located?

A

motor neurons in the spinal cord (grey matter and white matter)

51
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

to receive and filter sensory information before it reaches the brain

52
Q

How many types of memories are known?

A

2
short term
long term

53
Q

What is the corpus callosum and its function?

A

large bands of axons that help both hemispheres of the brain communicate

54
Q

What colors in a PET scan indicate more activity?

A

Red

55
Q

What types of receptors are used for touch, vision, hearing, and taste, respectively?

A

Mechanoreceptor- touch, hearing
Photoreceptor - vision
Chemoreceptor- taste, smell

56
Q

What causes near or far-sight vision?

A

The shape of your eyeball and cornea
Nearsighted- long eye + round cornea
Farsighted- Short eye + flat cornea

57
Q

What are the photoreceptors responsible for color vision?

A

Cones containing photopigments

red, blue, green

58
Q

What is the fovea? What is the blind spot? Which one has depth perception: prey or predator?

A

fovea- eyes focus point inside retina
bind spot- optic nerve combine (no photoreceptor)
Predator has depth perception

59
Q

What causes perception of pain?

A

Pain receptors (nociceptors)- subjective feeling arising the brain

60
Q

What is biotic potential?

A

maximum rate at which population increases

61
Q

What is environmental resistance?

A

Curves in population growth due to living and non-living environment

62
Q

What is the equation for calculating population growth?

A

G= (r)(N)

63
Q

What happens in exponential growth and what type of curve describes it?

A

large number is added to the population

- J curve

64
Q

What is the carrying capacity of a population?

A

the max population size an environment can sustain

- S curve

65
Q

What factors determine the carrying capacity of a population?

A

logistic population- natural resources, area to live

66
Q

What are examples of populations with boom bust cycles?

A

cynobacteria, insects, annual plants

67
Q

What are the important density-independent factors limiting population size?

A

climate and weather

68
Q

What are the important density-dependent factors limiting population size?

A

adaptations for seasonal change

69
Q

What advantages can a non-native species have when introducing population size?

A

with no natural predators populations will explode

70
Q

What is the difference between intraspecific and interspecific competition?

A

intraspecific- competition w/ individuals of same species

interspecific- competition w/ individuals of different species

71
Q

What are the 3 main types of survivorship curves and what are come organisms representative of each?

A
  1. Early Loss- dandelion
  2. Constant Loss- Robin
  3. Late Loss- Human
72
Q

When predators and prey both have population cycles, how does the predator cycle tend to be in relation with the prey cycle?

A

Dependent-
increase in prey = increase in predator
decrease in prey = decrease in predator

73
Q

Why are population growth rates higher in developing countries than in developed?

A
  1. Higher birth rates
  2. Children aid in family income
  3. limited access to contraception
74
Q

What can you infer from population’s age structure diagram if it looks like a pyramid?

A

that the population is increasing

75
Q

How much energy does an American use compared to the world average?

A

four times as much

76
Q

Why the U.S. population is still growing, compared to other developed countries?

A

increased birth rate and increased immigration

77
Q

An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with

- Both exponential growth and logistic growth.
- Exponential growth.
- Population crashes.
- Neither exponential growth nor logistic growth.
- Logistic growth.
A

Exponential growth-

Populations grow exponentially with unlimited resources.

78
Q

The maximum population a habitat can support is its

- Logistic growth.
- Exponential growth.
- Death rate.
- Carrying capacity.
- Birth rate.
A

Carrying capacity.

79
Q

Logistic growth involves

- Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.
- A population crash.
- Population growth reaching carrying capacity and then speeding up.
- Population size decreasing to zero.
- Population growth continuing forever.
A

-A population crash

80
Q

In exponential growth
Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.
-Population size stays constant.
-Population growth slows as the population gets close to its carrying capacity.
-Population size grows more and more slowly as the population gets bigger.
-None of these are correct.

A

Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.

81
Q

Which of the following would NOT cause population size to decrease?

- Increased birth rate
- An exponentially growing population outgrowing its food supply and crashing
- Increased death rate
- Increase in the number of predators
- Poor weather, resulting in less food being available
A

Increased birth rate

82
Q

The study of how organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment is

- genetics.
- morphology.
- anatomy.
- ecosystems.
- ecology.
A

ecology.

83
Q

The different species within an ecosystem that interact in various ways make up a(n)

- community.
- population.
- aggregation.
- ecotone.
A

community.

84
Q

All members of a species that reside within an ecosystem make up a(n)

- aggregation.
- community.
- ecotone.
- population.
A

population.

85
Q

A neuron’s nucleus is located in its _____.

- cell body
- axon
- myelin sheath
- dendrite
- synaptic terminals
A

cell body

86
Q

A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron’s cell body along _____.

- dendrites
- synaptic terminals
- oligodendrocytes
- axons
- nodes of Ranvier
A

dendrites -conduct an impulse from a synapse toward the cell body.

87
Q

A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron’s cell body along _____.

- dendrites
- Nissl bodies
- synapses
- axons
- glia
A

Axons- conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body.

88
Q

An impulse relayed along a myelinated axon “jumps” from _____ to _____.

- oligodendrocyte ... Schwann cell
- node of Ranvier /Schwann cell
- node of Ranvier/ node of Ranvier
- Schwann cell / Schwann cell
- Schwann cell /node of Ranvier
A

-node of Ranvier/ node of Ranvier

89
Q

Axons insulated by a(n) _____ are able to conduct impulses faster that those not so insulated.

- node of Ranvier
- synaptic terminal
- myelin sheath
- layer of asbestos
- astrocytes
A

myelin sheath-
formed when Schwann cells wrap around an axon, allow such neurons to conduct impulses more rapidly than unmyelinated axons.

90
Q

What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?

- astrocytes
- microglial cells
- Ranvier cells
- ependymal cells
- Schwann cells
A

Schwann cells -

Myelin sheaths are formed when Schwann cells wrap around the axons of motor neurons.

91
Q

What part of a neuron relays signals from one neuron to another neuron or to an effector?

- dendrite
- axon hillock
- synaptic terminal
- axon
- node of Ranvier
A

synaptic terminal-

contain neurotransmitter molecules that relay the nerve impulse across a synapse.

92
Q

Which of these causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

- the receipt of a signal from the postsynaptic neuron
- an action potential reaching the end of the cell body
- an action potential reaching the end of the axon
- an action potential reaching the end of the dendrite
A

an action potential reaching the end of the axon-

vessels then fuse with the plasma membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

93
Q

The space between an axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a(n) _____.

- synaptic cleft
- node of Ranvier
- internodes
- synapse
- synaptic terminal
A

synaptic cleft

94
Q

Neurons store neurotransmitter molecules in vesicles located within _____.

- the cell body
- myelin
- the synaptic cleft
- dendrites
- synaptic terminals
A

synaptic terminals

95
Q

An action potential moves along a(n) _____.

- myelin sheath
- axon
- dendrite
- synapse
- cell body
A

axon

96
Q

At rest, which of these plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron’s plasma membrane?

- the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions into the neuron and potassium ions out of the neuron
- the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron
- the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron
A

-the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron

97
Q

The transmission of a nerve impulse first triggers the _____.

- action of the sodium-potassium pump
- opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron
- opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions out of the neuron
- opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions out of the neuron
- opening of voltage-gated potassium channels and the diffusion of potassium ions into the neuron
A

opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron

98
Q

What type of nervous system is exhibited by the flatworm?

- Bilateral nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Diffuse nervous system
- No nervous system
- Centralized nervous system
A

Centralized nervous system

99
Q

The stronger the stimulus, the more powerful the action potential. True or False?
True
False

A

False

100
Q

Addictive drugs that make people feel good, such as cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine, affect the parts of the brain that use which neurotransmitter(s)?

- Nitric oxide
- GABA
- Serotonin and dopamine
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin and GABA
A

Serotonin and dopamine

101
Q

If I step on a shard of glass while playing volleyball barefoot, which path will the reflex to pull my foot up follow?

- Sensory nerve - motor nerve - spinal cord - brain
- Motor nerve - spinal cord - brain - spinal cord - sensory nerve - effector
- Sensory nerve - spinal cord - motor nerve - effector
- Sensory nerve - spinal cord - brain - spinal cord - motor nerve - effector
- Motor nerve - sensory nerve - spinal cord - brain
A

Sensory nerve - spinal cord - motor nerve - effector

102
Q

Which of the following is part of the peripheral nervous system?

- Brain
- Thalamus
- Medulla
- Autonomic nervous system
- Spinal cord
A

Autonomic nervous system

103
Q

The autonomic nervous system consists of two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for which type of response?

- Constriction of the air passages in the respiratory system
- Slowing of the heart rate
- "Rest and digest" responses
- Involuntary responses to extreme danger or stress
A

Involuntary responses to extreme danger or stress

104
Q

Most brain cells are

- saltatory neurons.
- interneurons.
- parasympathetic neurons.
- motor neurons.
- sensory neurons.
A

interneurons.

105
Q

Which of these parts of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?

- Medulla
- Thalamus
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Hypothalamus
A

Medulla

106
Q

Memory, sensory processing, motor responses, creativity, and higher intellectual functions are carried out by the

- hypothalamus.
- cerebellum.
- cerebrum.
- amygdala.
- medulla.
A

cerebrum.

107
Q

The _____ is the region of the eye where photoreceptors are most highly concentrated.

- lens
- fovea
- optic nerve
- pupil
- sclera
A

fovea

108
Q

What name is given to the tough layer that forms the “white” of the eye?

- blind spot
- choroid
- fovea
- sclera
- aqueous humor
A

sclera

109
Q

The _____ changes shape to focus light on the retina.

- vitreous humor
- blind spot
- cornea
- lens
- optic nerve
A

lens

110
Q

What name is given to the opening that allows light into the interior of the eye?

- sclera
- pupil
- ligament
- optic nerve
- retina
A

pupil

111
Q

The ________ ear not only detects sound, but also detects gravity and movement.

A

inner

112
Q

Mechanoreceptors include

- taste buds.
- nociceptors.
- rods.
- cones.
- Meissner's corpuscles.
A

Meissner’s corpuscles

113
Q

Chemoreceptors include

- olfactory receptors.
- muscle spindles.
- Pacinian corpuscles.
- rods.
- hair cells.
A

olfactory receptors.

114
Q

There are ________ distinctly different tastes that stimulate receptors on the human tongue.

A

five (sour, salty, sweet, bitter, and umami)

115
Q

Receptor potentials are ________ the strength of the stimulus.

- unrelated to
- the same regardless of
- much greater than
- directly proportional to
- inversely proportional to
A

directly proportional to

116
Q

Which type of receptor signals that your stomach is full after a big meal?

- Chemoreceptor
- Mechanoreceptor
- Pain receptor
- Photoreceptor
A

Mechanoreceptor

117
Q

When sound waves travel through the auditory canal they stimulate the ________ membrane, which then vibrates the hammer (malleus) in the middle ear.

- auditory
- pinna
- tympanic
- vestibular
- cochlea
A

tympanic

118
Q

Prolonged exposure to very loud noises is most likely to damage

- the auditory nerve.
- corpuscles.
- the hammer and anvil.
- hair cells.
- the tympanic membrane
A

hair cells

119
Q

Why do things appear mainly black or white to us in low light?

- Only white light is available at night.
- The diffused light of night does not fall on the fovea.
- Few action potentials are stimulated in low light.
- Rods are more sensitive to light than are cones.
A

Rods are more sensitive to light than are cones.

120
Q

In humans, depth perception is possible because

- the two eyes have overlapping visual fields.
- each of the two eyes "sees" an entirely different image.
- the two eyes see identical images.
- the two eyes are necessary for any vision to occur.
A

the two eyes have overlapping visual fields.

121
Q

The sense of taste relies on

- taste buds, olfactory receptors, and nociceptors.
- taste buds only.
- olfactory receptors only.
- both taste buds and olfactory receptors.
- taste buds, olfactory receptors, and mechanoreceptors.
A

both taste buds and olfactory receptors.

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