Ch 21 Flashcards
The ___ is a waxy coating that covers the epidermis of many land plants and limits the evaporation of water.
Cuticle
Pores in leaves and stems open to allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, reducing the amount of water lost to evaporation is called ____
Stomata
____ are gymnosperms that reproduce by means of seeds formed inside cones
Conifers
In the life cycle of most plants, a diploid ______ generation produces haploid spores through meiotic cell division.
Sporophyte
Haploid spores develop into a haploid ______ generation which produce sperm and eggs by mitosis. These fuse and produce a diploid zygote, and the life cycle beings again.
Gametophyte
Ginkgos are _______, plants whose seeds are NOT encased in an ovary.
Gymnosperms
Apple trees are _______, flowering plants whose seeds are encased within ovaries that may mature into fruit
Angiosperms
_____ are structures within the ovaries of flowers inside which female gametophytes develop
Ovules
____ are tiny male gametophytes that carry sperm-producing cells. They are dispersed by wind or airborne insects.
Pollen grains
Which of the following supports the hypothesis that plants evolved from green algal ancestors?
- Plants and green algae both store food as glycongen
- Plants and green algae both have cells walls made of chitin
- Plants and green algae both use the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments during photosynthesis
- Plants and green algae both have true roots, stems, and leaves and complex reproductive structures
- Plants and green algae both use the same type of chlorophyll and accessory pigments during photosynthesis
Early plants evolution most likely occurred in freshwater habitats because _____
- most green algae are freshwater organisms
- water temperature can fluctuate seasonally or daily
- freshwater habitats may dry up periodically
- all of the above
-all of the above
Sporophytes produce haploid spores via____
- meiosis
- mitosis
- fertilization
- pollination
Meiosis
Which plant generation is responsible for the production of haploid gametes?
- sporophyte
- gametophyte
- zygote
- spore
gametophyte
all plants produce____
- spores
- seeds
- pollen
- swimming sperm
- fruits
spores
Plants alternate between diploid and haploid generations. What is the proper order of the plant life cycle?
- sporophyte, zygote, haploid plant (gametophyte), gamtete production, meiosis, haploid spore, sporophyte
- sporophyte, haploid spore, haploid plant (gametophyte), gamtete production, zygote, meiosis, sporophyte
- sporophyte, meiosis, haploid spore, haploid plant (gametophyte),gamtete production, zygote, sporophyte
-sporophyte, meiosis, haploid spore, haploid plant (gametophyte),gamtete production, zygote, sporophyte
Which of the following functions that anchor ecosystems is NOT performed by plants?
- Supply nutrients to the rest of the ecosystem
- Supply energy to the rest of the food web
- Recycle energy from dead organisms
- Create and maintain soil
-Recycle energy from dead organisms
Humans do NOT rely on plants for _____.
- gasoline for cars
- fuel for heating homes and cooking
- housing frames
- breaking down waste
-breaking down waste
Which of the following did the ancestors of modern plants possess?
- true roots
- stems
- leaves
- chlorophyll
-chlorophyll
____ and ____ are reproductive adaptations that allowed successful habitation of plants on land.
- leaves; seeds
- roots; pollen
- seeds; pollen
- roots; seeds
seeds ; pollen
Which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation for life on land?
- roots, which stabilize and absorb water and nutrients from soil
- a waxy cuticle , which prevents water loss
- colonial living , which maximizes use of resources while expending less energy
- stomata, which allow for gas exchange
-colonial living , which maximizes use of resources while expending less energy
___ are to plants as amphibians are to animals.
- gymnospers
- cycads
- gnetophyte
- bryophytes
-bryophytes
Why is water needed for bryophyte reproduction?
- both the sperm and the egg develop in spores, which must swim to the egg.
- the sperm must swim to the egg
- without water, the sperm will fertilize the egg, but the embryo will not develop
- without water, the embryo will remain haploid instead of diploid
-the sperm must swim to the egg
What is one of the main differences between club moss and moss?
- club moss have vascular tissue
- moss has leaves; club moss does not
- to conduct water and nutrients, club moss has rhizoids rather than vessels.
- moss has sperm and egg within the same spore; club moss has them in different spores
- club moss have vascular tissue
What is one of the main differences between seedless and seed plants?
- only seedless plants produce pollen
- only seed plants produce pollen
- only seedless plants have vascular tissue
- only seed plants have vascular tissue
-only seed plants produce pollen
Which of the following is NOT an adaptation the enables evergreen trees to live in a cold, dry ecosystem?
- to protect the embryos from the cold, they develop roots
- the trees grow continuously and undergo photosynthesis year-round
- the trees have a waxy waterproof coating that minimizes water loss
- the sap contains “antifreeze” that helps transport fluids even in freezing temperatures.
-to protect the embryos from the cold, they develop roots
What is NOT a major adaptation of angiosperms?
- flowers
- fruit
- needle-like leaves
- broad leaves
needle-like leaves
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?
- roots and shoots - vascular tissue - chloroplasts - embryo development within gametangia - pollen
chloroplasts-
Both algae and seed plants have cells with chloroplasts.
In moss, _____ produce sperm.
- archegonia - protonemata - sporangia - antheridia - embryos
antheridia-
Moss antheridia, found on the tops of male gametophytes, produce sperm.
The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.
- the development of a flower - wind - light - moisture - animals
moisture -
Moss sperm swim to archegonia.
In the moss life cycle \_\_\_\_\_ cells within a sporangium undergo \_\_\_\_\_ to produce \_\_\_\_\_ spores diploid ... mitosis ... diploid -haploid ... mitosis ... haploid -diploid ... mitosis ... haploid -diploid ... meiosis ... haploid -haploid ... meiosis ... haploid
-diploid … meiosis … haploid-
Diploid sporophytes develop from diploid embryos. Sporophytes bear a sporangium in which cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores
In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.
- mitosis ... meiosis - meiosis ... mitosis - mitosis ... mitosis - meiosis ... meiosis - binary fission ... mitosis
mitosis … mitosis-
In both, gametes are produced by haploid gametophytes.
Where do fern antheridia develop?
- on the tip of the haploid protonema - on the tip of the gametophyte - on the tip of the sporophyte - on the underside of the gametophyte - on the underside of the sporophyte
on the underside of the gametophyte-
Haploid antheridia in ferns develop on the underside of mature haploid gametophytes.
The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.
- diploid sorus - haploid gametophyte - diploid gametophyte - diploid sporophyte - haploid sporophyte
diploid sporophyte-
In ferns, while the gametophyte generation is independent, the diploid sporophyte is much larger.
Ovules are found within structure _____.
Ovules are housed within ovaries.
Which of these is unique to flowering plants?
- pollen production - a dominant sporophyte generation - double fertilization - an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue - haploid gametophytes
double fertilization-
In flowering plants one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg and the other sperm nucleus fuses with two other nuclei found within the ovule, thus forming triploid endosperm.
The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____.
- endosperm - pollen grains - megaspores - embryo sacs - male sporophytes
pollen grains
In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____.
- sporophyte - endosperm - seed coat - cotyledon - fruit
seed coat.
A carpel is composed of _____.
- zygote, anther, and endosperm - petal, sepal, and stamen - ovule, megasporocyte, and anther - stigma, style, and ovary - ovary, ovule, and anther
stigma, style, and ovary
In flowering plants one megaspore gives rise to _____ nuclei.
- four diploid - eight haploid - eight diploid - four haploid - microsporangia
eight haploid -
The haploid megaspore undergoes three mitotic divisions.
A stamen consists of _____.
anther and filament
In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species.
- stigma - style - ovulate cone - ovary - anther
stigma
What pollinates most gymnosperms?
- Insects - Birds - Small mammals - Wind
Wind
Pollen and seeds evolved in response to
- an increase in pollinators. - dry land environments. - flower evolution. - moist environments. - seed predators.
dry land environments.
Which of these is an advantage to a plant that moved onto land?
- Decreased water availability - Increased sunlight availability - Dry environment - Increased heat - Less support
Increased sunlight availability
What is a fruit?
Ripe/mature ovary surrounding the seeds of an angiosperm
How does pollination take place in gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Gymnosperm rely on the wind to carry seeds to other plants to pollinate
Angiosperm rely on pollinators (bees) to carry pollen from plant to plant
How is a gymnosperm different from an angiosperm?
Gymnosperm (non-flowering seed plants) evolved earlier than
Angiosperm (flowering seed plants)- by formation of fruit
What is the meaning of monoecious and dioecious? According to this meaning, what kind of plant is a ginkgo?
Monoecious- 1 “house” for both sexes
Dioecious- 2 “houses” for different sexes in the same plant
How could you determine whether a plant is a monocot or a dicot?
Monocot (1 cotyledons) - do not produce wood (scattered vascular tissue)
Dicot (2 cotyledons) - produce wood (tight knit vascular tissue)
What are examples of “ground pines”? What is an example of a ‘horsetail’ plant; does it produce seeds?
Ground pines- Yes
lycopodium, selaginella
Horsetail- No
Equisetum
What are some vascular plants that do not produce seeds? Which ones produce seeds?
Vascular: No Seeds
Club mosses, horsetail, ferns
Vascular: Seeds
gingko, gnetophyte, cycad, conifer
What is the dominant phase of the life cycle of a vascular plant, the gametophyte or the sporophyte? How is the gametophyte represented?
Sporophyte
gametophyte develops within the sporophyte and becomes small and smaller.
What are the main groups of vascular plants?
Club moss;horsetail;fern:(seedless) Gymnosperms: (nonflowering seed) conifer, cycad, gingko gnetophyte Angiosperms: (flowering seed)
What advantages do vascular plants have over non-vascular plants?
1- Ability to grow taller
2- Conduct more water and nutrients
3- Become more independent in the course of evolution
What separates vascular plants from bryophytes?
1- Vascular tissue
2- Lignin
3- Diploid sporophyte
What is a bryophyte?
A non-vascular plant
What kinds of bryophytes were covered in class? Are bryophytes vascular?
mosses ; no
What limits the size of bryophytes?
they rely on slow diffusion or poorly developed conducting tissue
lack lignin
What dominates the life cycle of bryophytes (sporophyte or gametophyte)?
haploid (n) gametophyte
What is an antheridium?
Reproductive structure where sperm are formed
What is an arquegonium?
Reproductive structure where egg are formed
What is the gametophyte?
Haploid (n) generation that produces gametes (sperm & egg
What is the sporophyte?
Multicellular plant diploid (2n) generation which produces haploid spores through meiosis
Mention the main characteristics of the kingdom Plantae.
1- Multicellular
2- Autotrophic-photosynthesis
3- Dependent embryos
4- Alternation of generation
What is necessary for evolutionary adaptation of aquatic plants to a terrestrial environments?
1- Root or root-like structures 2- Waxy cuticle 3- Pores (stoma) in leaves 4- Cells to transfer nutrients 5- Lignin (stiffening agent) ((not all plants))
Is there any evidence of an evolutionary relationship between green algae and plants?
1- Chlorophyll for photosynthesis
2- Store food as starch
3- Cell walls of cellulose
What is Lycopodium?
Club Moss
What 5 features does Lycopodium have?
- swimming sperm- needs water to reproduce
- produces spores
- not really moss
- grows only a few inches in height
What is Equisetum and its features?
Horsetail- “scouring rushes”
- swimming sperm- needs water to reproduce
- produces spores
- outer sells have silica (glass)
What is sporangia?
the capsule on the underside of a fern leaves, that holds the spores until germination
