Ch 18 Flashcards by Tara Nawrocki

Branch of Biology that is concerned with naming and classifying organisms.

Taxonomy

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Two part Latin naming system that designates its genus and species. ( taxa- is a named species) (Carl von Linne aka Carolus Linnaeus)

Scientific Name

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A group that includes a number of very closely related species.

Genus

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Populations of organisms that can interbreed.

Species

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Evolutionary history

Phylogeny

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Reconstruction of phylogeny

Systematics

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Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) \_\_\_\_
Bacteria and Archaea
	-Bacteria and Eukarya
	-Bacteria and Protista
	-Bacteria
	-Protista and Archaea

Bacteria and Archaea

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In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.

- Protista
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Monera

Monera

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A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. Eukarya … Fungi

- Eukarya ... Protista
- Eukarya ... Plantae
- Eukarya ... Animalia
- Bacteria ... Archaea

Eukarya … Animalia

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A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.Eukarya … Fungi

- Eukarya ... Protista
- Eukarya ... Plantae
- Eukarya ... Animalia
- Bacteria ... Archaea

Eukarya … Plantae

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In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes?
Fungi
	-Protista
	-Plantae
	-Animalia
	-Monera

Protista -

Protists are mostly unicellular eukaryotes, though they also include multicellular algae

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In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae? 
They are sedentary.
	-They are heterotrophs.
	-They lack cell walls.
	-They are unicellular.
	-They are autotrophs

They are sedentary.-

This is why fungi were placed in the same kingdom as plants

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There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).

- one
- two
- three
- four
- five

One

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________ ________ results in similar anatomical features between unrelated organisms that may be misleading in determining species relationships

Convergent evolution

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Which of the following is the smallest or least inclusive group?
Kingdom
	-Family
	-Class
	-Domain
	-Genus

Genus

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________ groups contain all the descendants of a common ancestor.

Monophyletic

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DNA analysis reveals that two species of birds appear to have evolved from a common ancestor. These two species belong to the same

clade.

What is the most inclusive of the major taxonomic categories?

genus
order
phylum
kingdom
domain

Domain

Which kingdom comprises eukaryotic organisms that are typically unicellular?

animilia
fungi
archaea
plante
protista

Protista

Which kingdom comprises eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and autotrophic and possess cell walls?

animilia
fungi
bacteria
plante
protista

Plante

Which kingdom comprises eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and heterotrophic and do not possess cell walls?

animilia
fungi
archaea
plante
protista

Animailia

Which of these scientific names species is correctly written?

Aneides Aeneus (the green salamander)
Cortalus horridus (the timber rattlesnake)
falco peregrinus (the peregrine falcon)
Marmota monax (the woodchuck)
Salmo (the rainbow trout)

Cortalus horridus (the timber rattlesnake)

In the following sequence what is missing from the hierarchy of major taxonomic catergories: species _____family_____class

genus, domain
genus, order
kingdom, order
order, genus
order, division

Genus, order

Which of the following is NOT used by taxonomists to distinguish one species from another?

genetic similarities
similar features due to convergent evolution acting on distant related species
distinguishing features seen in organisms during the development of an organism
external anatomical features

similar features due to convergent evolution acting on distant related species

What is a domain? - the broadest taxonomic category, of which these are three - the taxonomic category that contains insects, birds, and mammals - the taxonomic category that contains all living species of humans - a synonym for the taxonomic category , kingdom

the broadest taxonomic category, of which these are three

How does molecular genetics help us to distinguish and evaluate the degree of evolutionary relatedness among species? - by allowing us to compare nucleotide sequences of DNA from the same chromosomal regions from different species - by allowing us to compare DNA sequences from different chromosomal regions between two closely related species - the first two answers are both correct - neither of the first two answers are correct

by allowing us to compare nucleotide sequences of DNA from the same chromosomal regions from different species

Anatomical features of species may not always be useful for determining species relationships because of ____ - convergent evolution - homologous structures - adaptation - common ancestry

convergent evolution

The phylogenetic species concept stresses ___ as the creation for assigning individuals to the same species. - anatomical similarity - resent common ancestry - potential for interbreeding - similarity in behavior

resent common ancestry

Who organized living organisms based on a scala naturae?

Aristotle

What is the main goal of studies in systematics?

To reconstruct evolutionary history

What is the correct spelling of the scientific name?

Latin root word with genus first and species second

Which one is capitalized? Which one is written alone? Which one can be abbreviated? Which one functions as a noun and which one as an adjective?

Genus - capitalized, can be abbreviated, noun | Species- lower case, cannot be written alone, adjective

What types of evidences are use to infer evolutionary relationships and which one is the most powerful?

anatomic similarities | DNA sequencing- most powerful

What are the main groups that are used to categorize living organisms, in a hierarchical order from less to more inclusive?

species - genus- family- order- class- phylum- kingdom- domain

What was Darwin's contribution to modern taxonomic categories?

That all living things are linked somehow by a common ancestry

Mention one evidence that has revealed the relationship between chimpanzees and humans?

Chromosome similarities 96% identical - chromosome 2 of primates is split

What is phylogeny?

evolutionary history

Before 1970, how many kingdoms compiled biological classification?

2 Plants Animals

Both bacteria and archae have in common several characteristics, such as:

they both reproduce asexually, reproduce by binary fission, physically look similar, and typically move by use of flagella

Which kingdom/ domain(s) contain mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms? Prokaryotic?

Protista | Bacteria and Archaea

What is the evidence that the HIV virus originated from primates?

primates are human most common ancestor and there is a higher probability that the virus jumped between species . Most likely from human consumption of infect primates.

Why are reptiles not consider a monophyletic group?

Because historically this group did not include birds and because it did not include all descendants it is paraphyletic