Ch 18 Flashcards
Branch of Biology that is concerned with naming and classifying organisms.
Taxonomy
Two part Latin naming system that designates its genus and species. ( taxa- is a named species) (Carl von Linne aka Carolus Linnaeus)
Scientific Name
A group that includes a number of very closely related species.
Genus
Populations of organisms that can interbreed.
Species
Evolutionary history
Phylogeny
Reconstruction of phylogeny
Systematics
Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) \_\_\_\_ Bacteria and Archaea -Bacteria and Eukarya -Bacteria and Protista -Bacteria -Protista and Archaea
Bacteria and Archaea
In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____.
- Protista - Animalia - Fungi - Plantae - Monera
Monera
A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. Eukarya … Fungi
- Eukarya ... Protista - Eukarya ... Plantae - Eukarya ... Animalia - Bacteria ... Archaea
Eukarya … Animalia
A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.Eukarya … Fungi
- Eukarya ... Protista - Eukarya ... Plantae - Eukarya ... Animalia - Bacteria ... Archaea
Eukarya … Plantae
In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes? Fungi -Protista -Plantae -Animalia -Monera
Protista -
Protists are mostly unicellular eukaryotes, though they also include multicellular algae
In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae? They are sedentary. -They are heterotrophs. -They lack cell walls. -They are unicellular. -They are autotrophs
They are sedentary.-
This is why fungi were placed in the same kingdom as plants
There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).
- one - two - three - four - five
One
________ ________ results in similar anatomical features between unrelated organisms that may be misleading in determining species relationships
Convergent evolution
Which of the following is the smallest or least inclusive group? Kingdom -Family -Class -Domain -Genus
Genus
________ groups contain all the descendants of a common ancestor.
Monophyletic
DNA analysis reveals that two species of birds appear to have evolved from a common ancestor. These two species belong to the same
clade.
What is the most inclusive of the major taxonomic categories?
- genus
- order
- phylum
- kingdom
- domain
Domain
Which kingdom comprises eukaryotic organisms that are typically unicellular?
- animilia
- fungi
- archaea
- plante
- protista
Protista
Which kingdom comprises eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and autotrophic and possess cell walls?
- animilia
- fungi
- bacteria
- plante
- protista
Plante
Which kingdom comprises eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and heterotrophic and do not possess cell walls?
- animilia
- fungi
- archaea
- plante
- protista
Animailia
Which of these scientific names species is correctly written?
- Aneides Aeneus (the green salamander)
- Cortalus horridus (the timber rattlesnake)
- falco peregrinus (the peregrine falcon)
- Marmota monax (the woodchuck)
- Salmo (the rainbow trout)
Cortalus horridus (the timber rattlesnake)
In the following sequence what is missing from the hierarchy of major taxonomic catergories: species _____family_____class
- genus, domain
- genus, order
- kingdom, order
- order, genus
- order, division
Genus, order
Which of the following is NOT used by taxonomists to distinguish one species from another?
- genetic similarities
- similar features due to convergent evolution acting on distant related species
- distinguishing features seen in organisms during the development of an organism
- external anatomical features
similar features due to convergent evolution acting on distant related species
What is a domain?
- the broadest taxonomic category, of which these are three
- the taxonomic category that contains insects, birds, and mammals
- the taxonomic category that contains all living species of humans
- a synonym for the taxonomic category , kingdom
the broadest taxonomic category, of which these are three
How does molecular genetics help us to distinguish and evaluate the degree of evolutionary relatedness among species?
- by allowing us to compare nucleotide sequences of DNA from the same chromosomal regions from different species
- by allowing us to compare DNA sequences from different chromosomal regions between two closely related species
- the first two answers are both correct
- neither of the first two answers are correct
by allowing us to compare nucleotide sequences of DNA from the same chromosomal regions from different species
Anatomical features of species may not always be useful for determining species relationships because of ____
- convergent evolution
- homologous structures
- adaptation
- common ancestry
convergent evolution
The phylogenetic species concept stresses ___ as the creation for assigning individuals to the same species.
- anatomical similarity
- resent common ancestry
- potential for interbreeding
- similarity in behavior
resent common ancestry
Who organized living organisms based on a scala naturae?
Aristotle
What is the main goal of studies in systematics?
To reconstruct evolutionary history
What is the correct spelling of the scientific name?
Latin root word with genus first and species second
Which one is capitalized? Which one is written alone? Which one can be abbreviated? Which one functions as a noun and which one as an adjective?
Genus - capitalized, can be abbreviated, noun
Species- lower case, cannot be written alone, adjective
What types of evidences are use to infer evolutionary relationships and which one is the most powerful?
anatomic similarities
DNA sequencing- most powerful
What are the main groups that are used to categorize living organisms, in a hierarchical order from less to more inclusive?
species - genus- family- order- class- phylum- kingdom- domain
What was Darwin’s contribution to modern taxonomic categories?
That all living things are linked somehow by a common ancestry
Mention one evidence that has revealed the relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
Chromosome similarities 96% identical - chromosome 2 of primates is split
What is phylogeny?
evolutionary history
Before 1970, how many kingdoms compiled biological classification?
2
Plants
Animals
Both bacteria and archae have in common several characteristics, such as:
they both reproduce asexually, reproduce by binary fission, physically look similar, and typically move by use of flagella
Which kingdom/ domain(s) contain mostly unicellular eukaryotic organisms? Prokaryotic?
Protista
Bacteria and Archaea
What is the evidence that the HIV virus originated from primates?
primates are human most common ancestor and there is a higher probability that the virus jumped between species . Most likely from human consumption of infect primates.
Why are reptiles not consider a monophyletic group?
Because historically this group did not include birds and because it did not include all descendants it is paraphyletic
