Ch 31 Flashcards
What are some internal body conditions that remain in a dynamic state through homeostasis?
- Temperature
- Water and Salt levels
- Glucose
- pH (acidic/basic)
- Oxygen and carbon levels
What is the difference between ectotherms and endotherms? Give examples
Ecto- maintain heat by environment or behavior (reptiles)
Endo- metabolic reaction, maintain constant body temp. (birds, mammals)
What are tissues, organs, and organ systems?
Tissues- similar cells that have a specific function
Organ- 2 or more tissues
Organ system- 2 or more interacting organs
What is the connective tissue and its function?
Mostly collagen that supports and binds bodily tissues together
What are 3 types of connective tissue?
- loose- located under epithelial tissue and supports almost every organ in the body
- Fibrous-(dense) very strong tissue that connects ligaments and tendons
- Specialized- Cartilage consisting of scattered cells
What are 3 different types of muscles?
- Cardiac- striated
- Smooth- have gap junctions
- Skeletal- spindle-shaped
What is the endocrine system?
A system that secretes hormones into the blood to regulate activities of other cells.
What type of muscle is voluntary; which is involuntary?
- skeletal
- cardiac & smooth
Define negative and positive feedback. Give examples
- Negative- counter acts changes to the internal environment : shivering (muscles contract to stay warm)
- Positive- drive rapid, self limiting changes. produces a response that amplifies change (childbirth: cervix opening)
Where is the center for control of temperature in mammals?
Hypothalimus- produces hormones when stimulated (i.e when cold)
Give examples of epithelial tissues
- skin
- lining of trachea
- lining of lungs
Give examples of connective tissues
- dermis
- tendons &ligaments
- cartilage, bone, fat, blood, & lymph
What are the cell types that make the nerve tissue?
- Neuron
- Glial Cells
What is the function of adipose tissue?
to insulate animals adapted to cold environments (fat cells)
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endo- secrete hormones into interstitial fluid (thyroid & pituitary)
Exo- release secretions into or onto body (sweat & mammary glands)
Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?
- muscle - epithelial - connective - blood - nervous
blood
How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?
Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.
-Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins.
-Connective tissue consists of cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses.
-There are three types of connective tissue.
-Connective tissue is found lining body surfaces
Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins.
This describes many connective tissues, such as loose connective tissue
What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?
- smooth muscle - skeletal muscle - striated muscle - voluntary muscle - cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.
- branched - unstriated - unbranched and cylindrical - spindle shaped - striated
branched
Most body systems maintain homeostasis through ________ systems.
- monitoring - redundant - negative feedback - positive feedback - alternating
negative feedback
Which of the following controls the temperature in endothermic animals?
- Positive feedback systems - Cerebral cortex - Hypothalamus - Autonomic nervous system - Reflexive skeletal muscles
Hypothalamus
What happens if homeostasis is not maintained?
- Organisms stop using negative feedback loops. - Cells lose the ability to carry out normal functions. - Organisms function better. - Cells begin dividing uncontrollably. - Cellular metabolism is unchanged.
Cells lose the ability to carry out normal functions.
