ch3 cells and tissues Flashcards
cell
smallest unit of living matter 3 main parts: plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus
plasma membrane
on the outside/outer boundary of the cell and is selectively permeable. well guarded gateway, certain substances move through it but others cant.
cytoplasm
beneath the cell membrane, the eternal living material of cells between plasma membrane and nucleus
sticky substance which contains organelles
organelles
"little organs" because they function for the cell just as organs function for the body: ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus mitochodria*power plants*of the cell ATP* lysosomes centrioles cilia flagella
nucleus
largest part of the cell
largest organelle
cilia
hairlike projections that move(wavelike) the cell along
they have sensory functions
ex: propel mucus upward in respiratory tract
flagella
tails of sperm much longer than cilia
DNA
Genome+all of the DNA is the blueprint master code deoxyribonucleic acid de oxy ribo nucleic acid = DNA 46 nuclear chromosomes(23 pairs) in DNA which contain the genetic code
RNA
is the messenger/working copy
ribonucleic acid
mitosis
the reproduction of cells
cells divide to multiply
involves identical DNA division of the nucleus and cytoplasm resulting into 2 daughter cells
the cells will divide weather they are healthy or cancerous cells
4 phases of mitosis(cell division)
PROphase
METAphase
ANAphase
TELOphase
prophase
..
metaphase
.
anaphase
.
telophase
.
chromosomes
located in the nucleus
carries the genes/hereditary determinants/traits
DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division
46 nuclear chromosomes in DNA which contain the genetic code
active transport processes
movement of substances through cell membranes under pressure/requires energy ATP.
cellular energy is required to move substances(larger molecules can pass through) from a low concentration to a high concentration
LOW to HIGH
ex: ion pumps = sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
produced by the mitochondria
It may be helpful to think of ATP as a battery that gets charged, and as soon as it is charged, it sets off a spark of energy that can be used to do work in the body.
passive transport processes
no cellular energy is required to move substances from HIGH concentration to a LOW concentration by:
Diffusion (high to low)occurs when substances scatter themselves evenly throughout available space
osmosis(low to high) diffusion of water
dialysis diffusion of small solute particles
Filtration is movement of water and particles/solutes by force/hydrostatic pressure through a membrane
phagocytosis
cell eating, engulfs large particles as a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria or debris from tissue damage.
ex: white blood cells, purulent drainage
active transport
pinocytosis
cell drinking, engulfs(pinches) fluids or dissolved substances into cells
active transport
epithelial tissue
covers the body and lines the body tissue
such as the skin, epidermis, dermis
function of skin
protection, absorption and secretion
connective tissue
joins tissues or structures to the body
ligaments connect bone to bone
tendon connects muscle to bone
adipose tissue
fat
subcutaneous tissue
is the way the body can store lipids, and it plays a role in metabolism regulation
cartilage tissue
connects ribs to the sternum
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue attaches to bones. aka striated, or voluntary, muscle.
Cardiac muscle tissue aka striated involuntary muscle. It composes the heart wall, and ordinarily an individual cannot control the contractions of these muscles. Smooth muscle tissue aka nonstriated, visceral(internal organs), or involuntary, muscle. no striations, found in blood vessels and other tube-shaped organs.
nervous tissue
rapid communication between body structures and control of body functions.
blood/brain chemistry-electrical current
neurons
transmits impulses/messages
made up of the cell body, axon, and dendrite. An axon carries the nerve impulse away from cell body while dendrites carry the nerve impulse toward the cell body. In one neuron, there is only one axon while there may be many dendrites.
glia cell
are also called neuroglia, are supportive and connecting, it nourishes the neuron
epithelial membrane
mucous membrane line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior
mouth,vagina, urinary tract, GI
it produces mucus thick slippery material
purpose to keep the membrane soft and supple and moist
works as an emollient
protects against bacterial invasion
serious membrane
does not open to the outside ex:lungs intestines and the heart parietal membrane(pink)covers the organ visceral membrane lines inside of organs
