A&P exam 4 ch 11,12,13 Flashcards
structures of lymphatic system
Lymph Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Tonsils Spleen
function of lymph
fluid in the tissue space , carries protein and other substances back to the blood
role of thymus
plays a vital and central role in IMMUNITY. It produces T lymphocytes, or T cells, and secretes hormones called THYMOSINS
inflammation
“red hot bump that hurts”
hot?
bump?
red/erythema- increased network of blood supply
hot- increased blood supply
bump/edema- fluid has seeped into the interstitial fluid, it has seeped out of the blood vessels
hurts- the free nerve endings have been irritated by the edema
natural immunity vs.
artificial immunity
natural-exposure to a causative agent that is not deliberate vs.
artificial-occurs when the exposure to a causative agent is deliberate
Active vs passive immunity
active disease produces immunity, passive immunity, disease passes from mother to fetus through placenta or from mother to child through mother’s milk.
passive artificial immunity
a protective material developed in another individual’s immune system is given to a previously nonimmune individual.
antigens are produced where?
and do what?
??? lock and key protein molecules imbedded in the surface membranes of invading cells Present in red blood cells Activate immune system
erythrocytes are what?
red blood cells
*produced mainly in the sternum and hip bone
RBC transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
layers of the heart
chambers
from outside of the heart to inside of the heart:
pericardium-the main cover has 2 layers
parietal pericardium–outer layer
visceral pericardium/epidardium-inner layer
myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue
chambers of the heart
The heart has two UPPER chambers called atria, which are the receiving chambers. RIGHT and LEFT ATRIA
The two LOWER chambers are called ventricles, which are the discharging chambers. RIGHT and LEFT VENTRICLES
S1 vs S2 is closure of what valves?
S1 is closing of the atrioventricular valves AV (bicuspid/mitral valve)
S2 is the semilunar valve SL (pulmonary R and aortic L)
cardiac output vs stroke volume
cardiac minute
stroke beat
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by one ventricle PER/EACH MINUTE
*stroke volume
the amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles of the heart with PER/EACH BEAT
sequence for the conduction system
1-sinoatrial, SA node, is the pacemaker of the heart
2-atrioventricular, AV node
3-AV bundle aka bundle of His
4-Purkinje fibers
depolarization and EKG
The normal ECG has three deflections or waves.
P wave is associated with depolarization of the atria.
QRS complex is associated with depolarization of the ventricles,
T wave is associated with repolarization of the ventricles.
polycythemia
an excessive number of red blood cells/erythrocytes
pernicious anemia
deficiency of red blood cells resulting from a lack of vitamin B12
leukopenia
abnormally LOW white blood cell numbers in the blood
vitamin k stimulates the liver to increase the production of what?
synthesis of prothrombin
thrombus
stationary blood clot
embolus
a blood clot or other substance (bubble of air) that is moving in the blood and may block a blood vessel
universal donor vs recipient
The universal donor is blood type O Rh-negative
universal recipient is AB- Rh-positive
erythroblastosis fetalis
a disease that may develop when an Rh-negative mother has anti-Rh antibodies and gives birth to an Rh-positive baby and the antibodies react with the Rh-positive cells of the baby
WBCs are what?
white blood cells aka leukocytes
defense and… types:
*neutrophils immune defense/phagocytosis
lymphocytes/ B cell and T cell
platelets are what?
aka thrombocytes
blood clotting/scabs
prothrombin activator>prothrombin >thrombin>fibrinogen>fibrin
sickle-cell anemia is caused by what?
is inherited
not disk like, less able to carry oxygen
systolic vs diastolic pressure
systole, contraction phase, squeeze, flow out and
diastole, relaxation phase, flow in
preload
afteroad
contractility
?
largest lymphoid organ
spleen
behind the stomach ULQ of the abdomen
phagocytosis and blood reservoir
largest lymphatic vessel
thoracic duct
leukemia
blood cancer, cells are not functioning properly
elevated WBC count
the average person has ___ liters of blood
5L
7-9% of body weight
plasma consist of
water, nutrients, salts(electrolytes and ions) hormones
*red bone marrow
aka, myeloid tissue, a connective tissue (along with lymphatic tissue) make blood cells for the body
forms all blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes, which are formed by lymphatic tissue in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.
anemia
is the inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues due to inadequate RBC numbers or a deficiency of hemoglobin (a type of protein)
leukocytosis
is an abnormally HIGH white blood cell count
Neutrophils and monocytes carry out
phagocytosis
arteries carry blood
away from the heart
veins carry blood
toward the heart
arteries have 3 layers
The inner layer is made up of endothelial cells and is called the tunica intima.
The TUNICA MEDIA is the smooth muscle with some elastic tissue. It is thick in arteries and important in blood pressure regulation.
The tunica externa is the thin layer of fibrous elastic connective tissue
*myocardium
layer of the cardiac muscle tissue
the tricuspid valve is at the
opening of the right atrium into the ventricle
the pulmonary semilunar valve is at the…
and the aortic semilunar valve is at the…
beginning of the pulmonary artery.
beginning of the aorta.
