AandP exam 1 Flashcards
chapters 1,2,3,4
organ
tissue together forms an organ
different specialized tissues together
filtration
movement of water by force
area of high pressure to low pressure
osmosis
diffusion of water through selectively permeable membrane from low to high
diffusion
movement of particles through a membrane from are of high concentration top area of low concentration
absorption
passage of a substance through a membrane such as skin or mucosa (mucus membrane) into blood
phagocytosis
process permits a cell to engulf and literally eat foreign material
movement of cells or other large particles into cell by trapping it in a section of plasma membrane that pinches/engulf off inside the cell
positive feedback loop
get away from the norm
amplify/excelerate to complete the process.
ordinarily this mechanism is used by the body to amplify a process and quickly finish it as in labor contractions and blood clotting.
homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of variable to be pushed farther in the direction of the original deviation causing an amplification of the original stimulus.
negative feedback loop
get back to the normal
maintenance of homeostasis
control center
central a/c system or like when we shiver because we are cold.
homeostatic control system in which information feeding back to the control center causes the level of variable to be changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus
homeostasis
internal stable environment
integumentary system
primary functions protects underlying structure regulate body temperature synthesis of chemicals sense organ, provides sensory reception
nervous system
uses electro chemical signals to integrate and control body function.
contains body’s control center
coordination of body’s activities
communication
integration
control
recognition of sensory stimuli
system functions by production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli of various types
control is fast acting and of short duration*
skeleton system
rigid framework for the body and stores minerals. support movement storage of minerals blood cell formation
muscular system
movement
maintains body posture
production of heat
endocrine system
uses hormones to regulate body functions.
secretion of hormones
communication, integration, and control
control is slow and long duration*
regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, and fluid and electrolyte balance
cardiovascular/circulatory system
transports substances from one part to another.
transportation for nutrition, water, oxygen, and waste
regulates body temperature
immunity
lymphatic system
transports fatty nutrients from the digestive system to the blood
protection
maintains body’s internal fluid environment by producing, filtering, and conveying lymph
body’s defense
production of various blood cells transportation
respiratory system
exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the lungs
filtration of irritants from inspired air
warms and humidifies incoming air
regulates acid base balance
diaphragm and intercostals are very important in respiration
digestive system
mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food
absorption of nutrients
urinary system
elimination of urine
clearing/cleaning blood of waste products
electrolyte balance
water balance
acid base balance
urethra has urinary and reproductive functions in male
reproductive system
ensures survival of species and production of sex cells (male/sperm female/ova)
transfer and fertilization of sex cells
development and birth of offspring
nourishment of offspring
gonads
female=ovaries ovum1 ova2+
male=testes
integumentary system
skin hair nails sense receptors sweat glands oil glands
skeletal system
bones and joints
muscular system
voluntary or striated muscles
involuntary or smooth muscles
nervous system
brain spinal cord nerves sense organs
endocrine system
all the glands
hypothalamus pancreas ovaries testes
which glands are in the head
hypothalamus
pituitary
pineal
which gland is above each kidney
adrenal glands
cardiovascular/circulatory system
heart and blood vessels
lymphatic system
lymph nodes lymphatic vessels thymus spleen tonsils thoracic duct-largest lymphatic vessel (and what else)
respiratory system
nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
digestive system
mouth pharynx* esophagus stomach small/large intestines rectum anal canal accessory organs teeth salivary glands tongue liver gallbladder pancreas appendix
urinary system
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
reproductive system
male- gonads/testes, genital ducts, accessory glands * prostate supporting structure *penis *scrotum female- ovaries, accessory organs: *uterus, *fallopian tubes, *vagina, external genitalia *mons pubis *labia majora *labia minora *clitoris accessory/supporting structure *mammary glands-breast
ROLE OF GONADS
PRODUCTION OF SEX CELLS OR SPERM
ROLE OF PROSTATE GLANDS (MALE)
ADD FLUID AND NUTRIENTS TO SEX CELLS,AS THEY PASS THROUGH THE DUCTS AND THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURES PERMIT TRANSFER OF SEX CELL INTO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.
ROLE OF GONADS IN FEMALE
RECEIVE THE MALE SEX CELLS,TRANSFER THE SEX CELL TO THE UTERUS;AND PERMIT FERTILIZATION AND ALLOW FOR THE DEVELOPMENT,BIRTH AND NOURISHMENT OF OFFSPRING.
THE MAIN PARTS OF THE CELL
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
nucleus
role of nucleus
dictates protein synthesis,thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities,namely active transport,metabolism,growth,heredity.
the power plant of cell
mitochondria
isotonic
contains the same concentration of salt.
0.9%=isotonic
hypertonic
contain higher level of salt (above 0.9%)
hypotonic
containing less salt (below 0.9%)
active transport
require cellular energy to move substances from low concentration to higher concentration.
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- calcium pump
passive transport
does not require cellular energy and move substances from higher concentration to a lower concentration
- diffusion
- osmosis
- filtration
PH 7
pure water
acidic level (ph less than 7)
0.8 stomach acid
2.8 orange juice
5.0 black coffee
6.0 urine
acidic level
alkaline/base (ph greater than 7)
- 4 blood
- 0 pancreatic juice
- 5 milk of magnesia
- 9 household ammonia
