A&P exam 5 ch 14 and 15 Flashcards
*structures of upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, and larynx
*structures of lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
role of surfactant
is a substance made by the lungs to help reduce the surface tension of water in the aveoli
*role and location of respiratory mucosa
membrane lines most of the air distribution tubes, does NOT include AVEOLI
DEFENSE air purification mechanism by trapping inspired irritants such as dust and pollen
*CILIA on mucosal cells beat in only one direction, moving mucus UPWARD to the pharynx for removal.
*location of adams apple
in the larynx has several pieces of cartilage that form its framework. The largest THYROID CARTILAGE is the Adam’s apple
*what happens to the thorax during inspiration vs expiration
INSPIRATION(active process) increases the top-to-bottom length
DIAGPHRAM CONTRACTS to drop lower
EXPIRATION(passive process) returns to its resting size and shape
DIAGPHRAM RELAXES bounces back to original position
tidal volume
TV
amount of air breathed in and out with each breath
*500mL
respiratory center in the brain is what
medulla
eupnea
normal respiration
accessory organ of the GI system
teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
layers of digestive tract
1-mucosa-mucous epithelium
2-submucosa-connective tissue
3-muscularis-2 layers of smooth muscle/ paristalsis
4-serosa-serous membrane, covers outside of the abdominal organs. It attaches the digestive tract to the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity by forming folds called mesenteries.
largest salivary gland is what
parotid glands
sequence of small intestine parts
1-duodenum
2-jejunum
3-ileum
what stomach part joins w the small intestine parts
pylorus
function of the bile
to emulsify fats
produced by the liver
enzymes do what
during chemical digestion certain enzymes very selectively speed up the breakdown of specific nutrient molecules and no others
-ase
amylase is made where
enzymes that digest carbohydrates
is made in salivary gland and the pancreas
pepsin and conversion
pepsin partially digests proteins
pepsinogen is converted into active pepsin enzyme by hydrochloric acid
end products of carbohydrates digestion is where
are the monosaccharides; the most abundant is glucose
role of trypsin
The pancreatic enzyme, trypsin, continues the digestion of proteins. Intestinal enzymes, peptidases, complete digestion of partially digested proteins and convert them to amino acids
protein digestion begins where
in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine. The gastric juice enzyme, pepsin, partially digests proteins.
fat digestion begins where
most fats are undigested until after emulsificaion by bile in the duodenum
bile does what?
emulsify fats
lipase?
fat digesting enzymes
lipase is made in the pancreas
GI layers from inside to outside are what
1-mucosa or mucous membrane
2-submucosa
3-muscularis
4-serosa
bile is drained in what tube from the liver
The HEPATIC DUCT drains bile from the liver,
into the CYSTIC DUCT by which bile enters and leaves the gallbladder which drains bile into the duodenum. The gallbladder stores the bile produced in the liver.
with forceful expiration
expiratory muscles used are the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
*the most important muscle in respiration is the
diaphragm
where the base of the lungs rest*
nasal septum
separates the interior of nose into two cavities
at the alveoli level
exchange of gases between air and blood
epiglottis
closes over the trachea when you swallow
trap door
and opens for suctioning when you cough
glotis*
open space between vocal cords
the epiglotis is above it
trachia cartilage
are C shaped rings
Absorption is
the process by which digested food moves from the intestine into blood or lymph.
The large intestine is divided into
- cecum,RLQ, chyme turns into feces at this point
- colon, and
- rectum.
The colon has four parts
ascending,
transverse,
descending,
sigmoid
tooth enamel
which covers the crown, is the hardest tissue in body
we have 32 permanent teeth
What structure increases and decreases gas exchange in the lungs
Alvioli
