Ch.23: People Flashcards
Born into the middle ranks of the landed nobility of the Rhineland. A internationally oriented aristocrat who made a brilliant diplomatic career in Austria. Was a Austrian Foreign Minister from 1809 to 1848 Always remained loyal to his class and jealously defended it's right and privileges. believed that liberalism, as embodied in revolutionary America and France, had been responsible for generation of war with untold bloodshed and suffering. Like many other conservatives, he blamed liberal middle-class revolutionaries for stirring up the lower classes, which he believed desire nothing more than peace and quiet. The threat of liberalism appeared dangerous to him because It nearly went with national desire. The idea of national self-determination was repellent to him.
Klemens Von Metternich (1773-1859)
Scottish philosophy professor. formulated the idea of a free economy. Wrote Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (1776). He founded modern economics. was highly critical of eighteenth century mercantilism and its attempt to regulate trade and economic activity. Argued effectively that freely competitive private enterprise would result in greater income for everyone, not just the rich.
Adam Smith
French historian. Wrote The People (1846). “Leans to recognize his country….as a note in the grand concert;through it he himself participates and loves the world.”
Jules Michelet
a great Italian patriot. believed “in laboring according to the true principles of our country we are laboring for humanity.”
Mazzini
early socialist thinker. nobleman. Proclaimed the tremendous possibilities of industrial development. key to progress was proper social organization. Such an arrangement of society required the parasites to the doers. The doers would carefully plan the economy and guide it forward by undertaking vast public works projects and establishing investment banks.
Count Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)
Envisaged a socialist utopia of mathematically precise, self sufficient communities, each made up of 1,620 people. early proponent of emancipation of women. believed most marriages were another kind of prostituutons. young single women were shamelessly “sold” to their future husbands for dowries and other financial considerations. called for the abolition of marriage, free unions based only on love, and sexual freedom. was seen doubly dangerous and revolutionary.
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)
journalist who focused on practical improvement.
Wrote Organization of Work (1839). urged workers to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state peacefully. believed the state should set up government backed workshops and factories to guarantee full employment. The right to work has to become as sacred as any other right.
Louis Blanc (1811-1882)
self educated printer. wrote a pamphlet in 1840: What is Property? nothing but theft. property was profit that was stolen from the worker, who is the source of all Wealth. feared the power of the state and was often considered an Anarchist.
Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
son of a Jewish lawyer who converted to Christianity. studied philosophy at the University of Berlin before turning to journalism and economics. looked forward to the emancipation of women and abolition of the family. developing his own socialist ideas by 25. Found such naive to the idea of socialist appealing to the middle class and state to help the poor. argued the interest of the middle class and those of the industrial working class were inevitably opposed to each other. according to The Manifesto, " history of all previously existing society is the history of class struggles." one class had always exploited the other, and with the advent of modern industry, society was split more clearly than ever before : between the middle class (bourgeois) and the modern working class (proletariat). predicted that the proletariat would conquer the Bourgeoisie in a violent revolution. his ideas United sociology, economics, and all human history in a vast imposing edifice. was the last of the classical economists. argued profits were really wages stolen from the workers
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
German. believed each age is characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces opposing ideas and eventually a new synthesis.
George Hegel (1770-1831)
English Romantic. Traveled in France where he fell in love with a french women who bore him a daughter. Influenced by Rousseau and the spirit of the early French Revolution. Returned to England and settle in the country side with his sister and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In 1798 the two poets published their Lyrical Ballads.
Williams Wordsworth (1770-1850)
personified the romantic movement’s fascination with history. influenced by German romanticism, especially by Wolfgang Von Goethe.
Walter Scott (1771-1832)
Franco-Swiss writer. in 1813, he urged the french to throw away their worn out classical models. her study, On Germany (1810), extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of German writers and thinkers and had a powerful impact on post 1815 generation in France.
Germaine de Staël (1766-1817)
achieved an amazing range of rhythm, language, and image in his lyric poetry. Wrote Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831). equated freedom in literature with liberty in politics and society.
Victor Hugo (1802-1885)
aka George Sand. after eight years of unhappy marriage she abandoned her husband and took her two children to Paris to pursue a career as a writer.
she soon achieved fame and wealth, eventually writing over 80 novels on a variety of romantic and social themes. Wrote,Lélia, quest for sexual and Personal freedom.
Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin (1804-1876)
