Ch. 25: people Flashcards
This ruler had a positive program for France in which he wrote two pamphlets Napoleonic Ideas and The Elimination of Poverty.
Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III
This ruler showed how Goverments could reconcile popular and conservative forces in an Authoritarian nationalism.
- provided a model for political leaders elsewhere.
Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III
This idealistic patriot wanted a unified Italy and preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male sufferage and the will of the people.
Giuseppe Mazzini
This catholic priest wanted a unified Italy who called for a confederation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope.
Vincenzo Gilbert
1864 in the Syllabus of Errors
* strongly denounced rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty, dying that “the Roman pontiff can and ought to reconcile and align himself with progress, liberalism, and modern civilization.”
Pius IX
This brilliant states man was a dominant figure in The Sardinian Goverment from 1850 until his death in 1861.
Cavour
until 1859, he sought unity only for the states of northern and perhaps central Italy in a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardina.
Cavour
1850’s
- worked to consolidate Sardina as a liberal constitutional state capable of leading northern Italy.
- his programs of highways and railroads, or civil liberties and opposition to clerical privilege, increased support for Sardina through out northern Italy.
Cavour
worked for a secret diplomatic alliance with Napoleon III against Austria.
- July 1858
- He succeeded and goaded Austria into attacking Sardina in 1859.
- Abandoned by Napoleon III and only received Lombardy, the area around Milan yet a resigned in rage.
Cavour
May 1860
* sent Sardinian forces to occupy most of the Papal States and intercept Garibaldi.
Cavour
personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism and republicanism of Mazzini and 1848.
Garibaldi
emerged in 1860 as an independent force in Italian Politics.
- may 1860
- attacked Silicy and gained support
Garibaldi
replaced the unstable William IV as regent in 1858 and became king himself in 1861
William I of Prussia
conceived for major army reforms
- army reforms meant a bigger defense budget and higher taxes
- calls on Count Otto Von Bismarck to head a new ministry and defy the Parliament.
William I of Prussia
above all a master of politics
- born into the Prussian landowning aristocracy
- “one must always have two irons in the fire”
- first honed his political skills as a high ranking diplomat for the Prussian Goverment
- took chief minister in 1862 and recognized the army
Bismarck
fashioned a federal constitution for the new North German Confederation
Bismarck
military disaster forced Himself and his ministers along the path of rapid social change and general modernization.
Alexander II Tsar of Russia
minister of finance from 1892-1903 in Russia
Witte
under his government build the gigantic trans Siberian line connecting Moscow to the Pacific ocean
Witte
Established high protective Tariffs to build Russian industry, and he put the country on the gold standard of the civilized world in order to strengthen Russian finances
- used the west to catch up with the west
Witte
Wanted to stop the growth of socialism in Germany because he feared it’s revolutionary language and allegiance to a movement transcending the nation states.
Bismarck
1883 he pushed through the reichstag the first of several modern social security laws to help with earners
*The laws of 1883 and 1884 Established national sickness and accident insurance.
Bismarck
laws of 1889 established old age pension’s and the retirement benefits.
Bismarck
new emperor
- opposed Bismarck’s attempt to renew the law outlawing the social Democratic Party ( socialism and Marxian social Democratic Party were the great issues in German Domestic politics)
- wanted to rule in his own right -> forces Bismarck to resign
- failed to get workers to renounce socialism
William II
moderate republican leader (politician)
- combined eloquence with the personal touch as he preached a republic of truly equal opportunity
Léon Gambetta
was instrumental in establishing absolute parliamentary supremacy between 1877 and 1879, when the deputies challenged Marshall Mac Mahon and forced the somewhat aristocratic president of the Republic to resign.
Léon Gambetta
published in 1859 his famous essay, On Liberty.
- the leading heir to the Benthamite tradition probed the problem of how to protect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral participation.
- pleaded eloquently for the practical and moral value inherent in safeguarding individual differences and unpopular opinions.
Mill
him and the conservatives extended the vote to all middle-class males and the best paid workers
Disraeli
concluded that revolution followed economic crisis and try to put this in his greatest theoretical work, capital
- 1864: founded the first international of socialist– the international working men’s association.
- used it as a socialist revolution.
Marx
socialist
- Evolutionary Socialism 1899
Edward Bernstien
Marx’s prediction of ever greater poverty for workers and ever greater concentration of wealth in ever-fewer hands had been proven false. Suggested socialists should reform their doctrines and tactics. They should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and for the economic development.
Edward Bernstien
socialist
- formally repudiated revisionist doctrines in order to establish a unified socialist party but he remained at heart gradualist and optimistic secular .
Jean Jaurès
