AP EURO REVIEW: PEOPLE

Question 0

(16th Century)What French Monarch made a treaty with Pope Leo X, Concordat of Bologna, where supremacy of the papacy over the universal council is recognized and the French Crown appoints french bishops/ abbots and Catholicism becomes state religion of France?

Answer 0

Francis I (r. 1515-1547)

Question 1

(16th Century) What French Monarch began the continuation of of France’s recovery in the first half of the 16th Century ?

Answer 1

Louis XI

Question 2

(16th Century)who were the three weak French Monarchs, sons of Henry II, unable to rule ?

Answer 2

Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III

Question 3

(16th Century) What French Queen dominated the weak son of Henry II, Charles IX and wanted civil and religious peace ?

Answer 3

Catherine De Medici (r. 1560-1589)

Question 4

(16th Century) This French Calvinist was the leader of the Huguenot Party and head of the great noble family who attended Henry Henry of Navarre’s wedding.

Answer 4

Gaspard De Coligny

Question 5

(16th Century) This Catholic was the leader of the Catholic Aristocracy and was also involved in the war of Three Henry’s

Answer 5

Henry of Guise

Question 6

(16th Century) this Protestant Huguenot was involved in the Saint. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre and the War of Three Henry’s. He later becomes the King of France who wanted a strong unified France,”Paris is worth a Mass.” Which then converts to Catholicism to save France. Later in 1598, he published the Edict Of Nantes. This magnificent monarch paved way for French Absolutism in the 17th century.

Answer 6

Protestant Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)

Question 7

(16th Century) This Holy Roman Emperor (Flemish) who was born in Ghent and raised in the Netherlands inherited the 17 provinces composing present day Belgium and Holland. Later he voluntary abdicates an gives H.R.E. / Austria territory to Ferdinand I and gave Philip II Milan, Low Countries, Spain, Kingdom of Silicy, And Spanish Possessions in the Americas.

Answer 7

Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556)

Question 8

(16th Century) This Spanish ruler who controlled the Netherlands sent 20,000 Spanish Troops under Duke of Alva to pacify the revolting of the Low Countries. He was the first king to rule a Global Empire with much of political experience and international relations. He invaded England known as the Spanish Armada yet is defeated.

Answer 8

Philip II

Question 9

Was sent by Philip II to pacify the Low Countries who were revolting and opened his own tribunal known as the Council of Blood.

Answer 9

Duke of Alva

Question 10

(16th Century) This lady who was the cousin of Queen Elizabeth of England was involved in the plan for assassinating queen Elizabeth, yet she is later found and beheaded.

Answer 10

Marry, Queen of Scots

Question 11

(Late 16th Century-17th Century) This Spanish Ruler recognized the Independence of the United Provinces (1609)

Answer 11

Philip III (r. 1598-1621)

Question 12

(17th Century) This Catholic King of Bohemia led the Catholics in the Bohemia Phase of the Thirty Years War.

Answer 12

Ferdinand of Styria/Ferdinand II

Question 13

(17th century) This man led the Protestant Union against the Catholic League in the Bohemia Phase during the Thirty Years War.

Answer 13

Frederick Elector of Palatinate

Question 14

(17th Century) This ineffective leader of the Protestants becomes involved in the Thirty Years war during the Danish Phase

Answer 14

Christian IV of Denmark (r. 1588-1648)

Question 15

(17th Century) This man led the Catholic Imperial Army during the Danish Phase of the Thirty Years War.

Answer 15

Albert of Wallenstine

Question 16

(17th Century) This Swedish King becomes involved in the Swedish Phase of the Thirty Years war; supported the Protestants (Lutheran himself)

Answer 16

Gustavus Adolophus

Question 17

These Vikings led the Viking Voyage across the Atlantic.

Answer 17

Eric the Red & Leif Ericson

Question 18

(15th Century) This Muslim Ruler led the Ottoman Muslim Turks in the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 18

Sultan Muhammad II (r. 1451-1481)

Question 19

(Late 14th Century-15th Century) This Portugal Monarch who is also called the Navigator, played the leading roles in the early phases of Portugal’s early exploration.

Answer 19

Prince Henry (1394-1460)

Question 20

(15th Century) This Portugal Monarch leads the establishment of Portugal’s trading posts on the coast of Guinea.

Answer 20

King John II (r. 1481-1495)

Question 21

This explorer reaches the Cape of Good Hope yet is forced to return back to Portugal from bad storms.

Answer 21

Bartholomew Diaz

Question 22

(15th. century) This Portugal Mariner Explorer reachers India for the First time. He returns to Libson with spices and India Cloth.

Answer 22

Vasco de Gama

Question 23

(15th Century) This Portugal Monarch sets up trading posts in India.

Answer 23

King Manuel (r. 1495-1521)

Question 24

(16th Century) This man wrote, General History of Indies (1547), a detailed eyewitness account of plants, animals, and people.

Answer 24

Fernández de Oviedo’s

Question 25

This explorer was summoned by Charles V to find a direct route to the spices of the Molucass of the south east coast of Asia. he sails across the Atlantic to Brazil and proceed south across Cape Horn into Pacific then crossing the Pacific sailing into the west isles. he is killed during the expedition. yet the expedition is continued and crosses the Indian Ocean, around the Cape of Good Hope back into returning to Spain. he proved that the earth is larger.

Answer 25

Ferdinand Magellan (r. 1480-1521)

Question 26

(late 15th century through 16th century)
this explorer was involved in the expedition of Mexico. he takes captive of Astec empire Montezuma. He then conquers The rich Aztec empire and founded Mexico City.

Answer 26

Hernando Cortes (1485-1547)

Question 27

(16th century) This explorer was involved in the Peru exploration. he repeats Cortez feat and crushes the Incan empire in w. South America. There he’ establishes Spanish viceroyalty of Peru with its center at Lima.

Answer 27

Francisco Pizarro (1470-1541)

Question 28

this explorer founded Newfoundland and explores the new England close

Answer 28

John Cabot

Question 29

this Frenchmen explore make several voyages exploring Canada.

Answer 29

Jacques Cartier

Question 30

(18th Century) this Spanish King introduce the system up intendants.

Answer 30

Charles III (r. 1759-1788)

Question 31

(16th Century)
This Catholic Frenchman who was descended from the Bourgeois was the first representative of modern Skepticism. He believed that the object of life was “Know Thyself” he developed a new literary genre known as the essay meaning to test or to try.

Answer 31

Michael de Montaigne

Question 32

(17th Century) this man was a famous Baroque painter who was Catholic.

Answer 32

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Question 33

This Frenchman who was appointed chief Minister by Henry IV was a Protestant and an effective minister who combined indirect taxes and leased their collection to financers. He subsidize the company for trade with the Indies. he dreamed organization of peace.

Answer 33

Protestant Maximilien de Bèthone, Duke of Sully

Question 34

This queen was the regent and headed government for child King Louis XIII of France.

Answer 34

Marie de Medici

Question 35

(17th Century) This French monarch was the son of Henry IV. in 1627 he ended protestant and military and political independence; Constituted “state within a state “

Answer 35

King Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643)

Question 36

This great French man was appointed by Marie De Medici to the Council of ministers in 1624. Then becomes president of council and in 1628 he becomes the first Minister of French crown. He uses strong influence over King Louis the 13th to rank the French monarchy of the French state. He set the cornerstone of French absolutism and established the use of Royal commissioners called the intendants. He then supported Habsburg enemies.

Answer 36

Cardinal Richelieu

Question 37

(17th Century) This chief Minister of Richelieu and regent of Louis XIV continued Richelieu centralizing policies and led to the Fronde.

Answer 37

Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-1661)

Question 38

(17th Century) This French monarch known as “the sun King “had the longest reign in European history which dominated his age. He learned to speak Italian and Spanish fluently and spoke and wrote elegant French. He knew French history and European geography more than the ambassadors. Religion, his catholic mother Anne of Austria, and Mazarin all taught Louis that God had established Kings as his rulers on earth. He believed that the Kings must obey God’s laws and rules for the good of the people. As a child he suffered from the fronde and earned an eternal distrust of nobility and sense of own isolation. He gained complete control over the social classes and achieved cooperation of nobility. He Dabich the Royal law courts in Versailles which he never called a meeting of the states General. And 1685 he revoked the Edict of Nantes and insisted that religious unity was essential to his royal dignity and to the security of the state.

Answer 38

King Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

Question 39

(17th Century) This French man was the son of a wealthy merchant financer of Reims. He came to manage the entire royal administration and proved himself a financial genius. His principal was that the wealthy and the economy of France should serve the state. He rigorously applied mercantilism to France. He believed a successful economic policy meant more than a favorable balance of trade. He insisted the French sell abroad and buy nothing back. He believed France should be a self sufficient, able to produce within its borders everything the subject of the French king need it. He attempted to accomplish self sufficiency through state support for both old industries and newly created one. He is Daliste clot industries at Abbeville, St. Quintin and Carcassonne. He set up a system of state inspection and regulation to ensure a high-quality finished product. To ensure order within every industry, he compelled all craftsmen to organize into guilds, and within every guild he gave the Masters absolute power over their workers. He encouraged skilled foreign craftsman and manufactures to immigrate to France and gave Them special privileges. To improve communications he built roads and canals. To protect french good he abolished domestic tariffs. He hoped to make Canada part of the vast French empire. He gathered 4000 peasants from Western France and were shipped to Canada to province Quebec.

Answer 39

Jean-Baptise Colbert (1619-1693)

Question 40

This Frenchmen was secretary state for war appointed by Louis the 14th in 1666. He curated a professional army where the soldiers were employed by the French state. He utilized several methods in recruiting troops: Conscription and lottery.

Answer 40

François le Tellier

Question 41

(17th Century)This educated, learned, English monarch who had 35 years of experience as king of Scotland and politically shrewd lacked the common touch. He failed to live up the role expected of him in England. He had a poor judge of character and was devoted to the theory of divine right of kings. He believed “true free law of monarchy. “ He believed that Monarch has a divine right to his authority and is responsible to God. Stuart concept of absolutism. He was left with a sizable Royal debt.

Answer 41

James I of England (r. 1603-1625)

Question 42

(17th Century) This English monarchy was intelligent men yet was deceitful, dishonest, treacherous, was not trusted. In 1629 he dissolved parliament and ruled without Parliament from 1629 to 1640. He financed illegally and levied the tax called “ship money” on inland and coastal counties. He recruited army drawn from nobility and it’s Calvary staff, rural gentry, mercenaries.

Answer 42

Charles I of England

Question 43

(17th Century) This English man tried to impose elaborate ritual and Rich ceremonials on all churches. He insisted on complete uniformity of church services. He enforced the uniformity through an ecclesiastical court called the “court of high commission” In 1637 he attempted to impose two new elements on church organization in Scotland: a new prayer book, modeled on the Anglican Book Of commission prayer, and bishoprics, which of the Presbyterian Scott’s firmly rejected.

Answer 43

William Laud

Question 44

(17th Century) This English philosopher was a political theorist who wrote Leviathan: Power of rule is absolute there’s no divine right.

Answer 44

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Question 45

(17th Century) This English men Protectorate controlled the army and constituted a military dictatorship. Proclaimed Quasi-Martial Law. He divided English into 12 military districts, each governed by a major general. In religion he favored toleration, instrument of government gave all Christians except Catholic to practice religious faiths. The Lords protectors policies were mercantilist. 1651 he enforced the navigation act, English good be transferred on English ships. He accepted Jews and into the country. He dies in 1658 where military government collapses.

Answer 45

Oliver Cromwell (r.1653–58)

Question 46

(17th Century) This English monarch was the eldest son of Charles I. He was the Monarch to get along with the English Parliament. In 1670 he entered secret agreement with Louis the 14th: The French king would give Him 200,000 pounds and return The english monarch would relax the laws against Catholic’s, re-Catholicie England, support French against the Dutch, convert himself. he dissolved parliament quickly before the exclusion bill is passed.

Answer 46

Charles II (r. 1660–1685)

Question 47

(17th Century) This English monarch violated the test act; appointed Roman Catholics to positions. Reviving absolutism of his father and grandfather. He issued a declaration of indulgence granting religious freedom to all. Him and his family fled to France in 1688.

Answer 47

James II (r. 1685-1688)

Question 48

(17th Century) These English monarchs recognize the supremacy of parliament

Answer 48

William and Mary

Question 49

(17th Century)
This Victoria’s Habsburg King drastically reduced the power of the Bohemian states. He confiscated the landholdings of many protestant nobles and gave them to a few Catholic nobles who had remained loyal to a motley band of aristocratic soldiers of Fortunes who had nothing in common with the Czech speaking peasants.

Answer 49

Ferdinand II (r. 1619-1637)

Question 50

(17th Century) After the 30 years war disking centralize the government in the heredity German-speaking provinces, mostly noticeably Austria, Styria, and the Tyroll, which form the core area of the Habsburg holdings. For the first time, his reign saw the creation of a permanent standing army ready to put down any internal opposition.

Answer 50

Ferdinand III (r. 1637-1657)

Question 51

(17th Century) This Prussian ruler also known as “great elector” Took power and was determined to unify his three quite separate provinces and add to them by diplomacy and war. To pay the permanent standing army he first established in 1660, he forced the states accept the introduction of permanent taxation without consent. States total revenue tripled. In 1688 the population of 1 million was supporting a piece time standing Army of 30,000.

Answer 51

Elector Frederick William (r. 1640-1688)

Question 52

(Late 17th Century- 18th Century)
This Prussian ruler also known as “The Ostentatious” was a week of body and mind. He was the successor of the great elector. He focused on imitating the style of Louis the 14th, building a an expensive palace and cultivating the arts. His main political accomplishment was winning a prestigious ROYAL title and being crowned king Frederick I in 1701 as a reward for aiding the Holy Roman Empire in the war of the Spanish succession.

Answer 52

Elector Frederick III (r. 1688-1713)

Question 53

(18th Century) This Prussian ruler also known as “the soldier king” was most talented reformer ever produced by the Hohenzollern Family. Truly established Prussian absolutism and gave it a unique character. He created the best army for Europe, for its size. He infused strict military values into a whole society. Pathological love for Tall soldiers, whom he credited with superior strength and endurance. He sent his agents throughout Europe and Prussia to recruit Top. Created a strong centralized bureaucracy. Junkers were enlisted into the army. He built a first rate army. Increased from 38 to 83,000. Prussia had fourth largest army by 1740.

Answer 53

Frederick William I (r. 1713-1740)

Question 54

(15th century through 16th century)
This Russian ruler completed the process of consolidating power around Moscow and won Novgord, there by, almost reaching the Baltic Sea. In 1480, he felt strong enough to stop acknowledging Khan as supreme ruler. His marriage to the daughter of last Byzantine Emperor further enhance the aura of imperial inheritance of Moscow.

Answer 54

Ivan III (r. 1462-1505)

Question 55

(16th Century) This Russian ruler also known as “Ivan the terrible “ Took the throne at age 3. He suffered insults and neglects at the hands of the naughty boyars after his mother mysteriously died, possibly poisoned. At age 16 he pushed aside his hated boyar advisors. He officially took the August title of Tsar for the first time. He married the beautiful and kind anathasia of the popular Romanov family. He soon declared war on the remnants of Mongol power.He defeated the faltering Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan between 1552&1556, adding vast new territories to Russia. In the course of these wars, he virtually abolished the old distinction between heredity boyar private property and land granted it temporarily for service.All Nobles old and new, had to serve the Tsar in order to hold any land. Process of transforming entire nobility was completed in his second part of his reign. In 1557, he turned west ward and for the next 12 years Muscovy waged on exhausting unsuccessful war primarily against The large Polish –Lithuanian state, which joined Poland with much of Ukraine in the 16th century. Quarreling with the Boyars over the war and blaming them for the death of his beloved wife in 1560, the increasingly cruel and demented ruler turned to strike down anyone else who was in his way. He struck down the ancient Muscovite with a reign of terror. Leading Boyars, their relatives and even their peasants and servants were executed en masse By a special corpse of unquestioning servants.

Answer 55

Ivan IV (r. 1533-1584)

Question 56

(late 17th century through 18 century)
This Russian ruler interested in military power. Determined to redress the defeat of the Tsars enemies occasionally suffered in their wars with Poland and Sweden since the time of Ivan the Terrible. he equally determined to continue the Tsars tradition of territorial expansion. After a long war, Russia had gained a large mass of Ukraine from weak and decentralized Poland in 1667, and a completed the conquest of Siberia in 17 century. After the 17 year old ruler overturned the Regency in 1689, the 30 years of his personal rule knew only one year of peace. When he took over in 1689, the heart of his army still consisted of Calvary made up of boyars and service nobility. Maintaining an existing alliance with Austria and Poland against the Ottoman Empire, he campaigned first against Turkish ports and Tsar vessels on the Black Sea. Learning from early mistakes, he conquered Azov in 1696. Fascinated by the weapons and foreign technology, the confidence tsar then led a group of 250 Russian officials and young nobles on an 18 month a tour of Western capitals. Traveling unofficially to avoid formal ceremonies, he met foreign kings and experts. He was impressed with gripping power of Dutch and English and considered how Russia could profit from their example. Returning to Russia, he entered into a secret alliance with Denmark and the elector of Saxony, who was also the elected king of Poland, to wage a sudden war of aggression against Sweden. He and his allies believe that their combined forces could win East victories because Sweden was in the hands of new inexperienced monarch. They were Very mistaken. Suffering a defeat and faced with a military crisis, the energetic ruler responded with a long series of practical but long reaching measures designed to increase state power, strength in his armies, and gain victory. In Essence, his solution was to tighten up Muscovy’s old service system and really make it work. Every noble man, great or small, was once again required to serve in the army or in the civil administration for life. He created schools and even universities to produced the modern army. One of his most hatred reforms required five years of compulsory education away from home for every young nobleman. He searched out talented foreigners and place them in his service.

Answer 56

Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

Question 57

This polish astronomer believed that the stars and planets including the earth revolved around a fixed sun. He was a cautious man fearing the ridiculous other astronomers, he did not publish is, on the revolutions of the heavenly spears, until 1543, the year of his debt.

Answer 57

Nicholas Copernicus (1483-1543)

Question 58

This is astronomer who agreed with the Copernican hypothesis built the most sophisticated observatory of his day with the help of the king of Denmark and observed the stars and planets for 20 years with the naked eye. He believed that all the planets revolved I around the sun and that the entire group of the sun and planets revolved in turn around the earth – moon system.

Answer 58

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)

Question 59

This astronomer who was a young assistant of Brahe, Long believed that the universe was built on mystical mathematical relationships and a musical harmony of the heavenly bodies. He formulated three famous laws of planetary motion: The first, building on Copernican Dear he, he demonstrated in 1609 that the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical rather than circular. Second, he demonstrated that the planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits. Third in 1619, he showed that the time a planet makes to complete its orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun. He proved mathematically the precise relations of a sun centered solar system. His word demolished the old system of Aristotle and Ptolemy, and in his third law he came close to formulating the idea of universal gravitation.

Answer 59

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Question 60

This young Florentine challenged all old ideas about motion. He became a professor of mathematics in 1589 at age 25. His greatest achievement was the elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method. He also formulated the law of inertia. He also applied the experimental method to astronomy. He made a telescope himself and trained it on the heavens. He quickly discovered the first four moons of Jupiter, which clearly suggested that Jupiter cannot possibly be embedded in any impenetrable crystal sphere. He was later tried for heresy by the papal Inquisition.

Answer 60

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Question 61

This genius who united the experimental and theoretical – mathematical sides of modern science, he was also fascinated by alchemy. He sought the elixir of life and a way to change metals into gold and silver. Called the “last of magicians “by the 20th century economics John Manfard. He was deeply religious. In 1689, Newton returned it to physics for 18 extraordinary intensive months. For weeks on end he seldom left his room except to read his lectures. His mind fascinated like a vise on the laws of the universe. He set mathematical laws that explain motion and mechanics. He curated the law of universal gravitation.

Answer 61

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Question 62

This English politician and writer was the greatest early protagonist for the new experimental method. Rejecting the medieval method of using speculated reasoning to build a general theory, he argue that knew knowledge had to be pursued through empirical, experimental research. He formalize the empirical method, already used by Brahe and Galileo. He claims that empirical method would result not only in more knowledge, but also in highly practical, useful knowledge. According to him, scientific discoveries would bring about much greater control over the physical environment and make people rich and nations powerful. He helped provide a radically new and effective justification for private and public support scientific inquiry.

Answer 62

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

Question 63

This French philosopher was a true genius who made his first discovery in mathematics. As a 20-year-old soldier serving in the 30 years war, he experienced a single night in 1619 a life-changing intellectual vision. He saw that there was a perfect correspondence between geometry and algebra and that geometrical, spatial figures could be expressed as algebraic equations and vice versa. A major step forward in history of mathematics, is discovery of analytic geometry provided scientist with an important Tool. His greatest achievement was to develop his initial vision into a whole philosophy of knowledge and science. He decided that it was necessary to doubt everything that could reasonably be doubted and then, as in geometry, to use deductive reasoning from self evident principles ascertain scientific laws.

Answer 63

René Descartes

Question 64

Is French philosopher who wrote the Persian letters in 1721. He wrote, the study of laws, 1748. He focused on the conditions that would promote liberty and prevent tyranny. Believed that strong independent upper-class was important because in order to prevent the abuse of power, power checks power. Believed that the 13 high courts in France Were frontline defenders of liberty against royal despotism.

Answer 64

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Question 65

This philosophe will more than 70 Witty volumes, hobnobbed with kings and queens, and died a millionaire because of shrewd business speculations.And 1717, he was imprisoned for 11 months at Bastille in Paris for insulting the regent of France. In 1643 he was appointed royal historian.

Answer 65

Voltaire

Question 66

This Scottish philosopher carefully argued skepticism had a powerful long term influence. Human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions. These impressions originate only in sense experiences and our habits of joining these experiences together.

Answer 66

David Hume (1711-1776)

Question 67

This Swiss man was brilliant and difficult thinker. Born into a poor family of watch members in Geneva, he went to Paris and was greatly influenced by Diderot and Voltaire. He came to believe that his philosophe friends and the woman of the Parsian salons were plotting against him. Committed to individual freedom and attached rationalism and civilization as destroying, rather then liberating the individual. He influenced the early romantic movement.

Answer 67

Rousseau

Question 68

This professor argued in 1784 that if serious thinkers were granted the freedom to exercise a reason publicly in print, then the enlightened would almost certainly follow. Considered Frederick the great was an enlightened Monarch precisely because he permitted freedom of press.

Answer 68

Emanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Question 69

(18th century) This Austrian king was also known as “revolutionary emperor.” He controlled the established Catholic church. Granted religious toleration and abolished serfdom in 1781.

Answer 69

Joseph II

Question 70

this English and innovator tried to develop new farming methods through empirical research. He suggested horses then slow-moving oxen for plowing. He advocated sowing seed with the drilling equipment rather then scattering it by hand. invented the hoe.

Answer 70

Jethro Tull

Question 71

This Scottish professor of philosophy believed the general idea of freedom of enterprise in foreign trade. He believe government should limit itself to only three duties, defense against foreign invasion, Maintain civil order and sponsor works and institutions.

Answer 71

Adam Smith (1723-90)

Question 72

This novelist coined the axiom “spare the rod and spoil the child”

Answer 72

Daniel Defoe

Question 73

Mother of John Wesley, she was the founder of Methodism, “conquer the will, and bring then to obedient tempered “

Answer 73

Susanna Wesley

Question 74

This English man founded the first two main sanatorium in England in the 1790s.

Answer 74

William Tuke

Question 75

This Frenchmen took the chains off the mentally disturbed and tried to treat them as patients rather than as prisoners.

Answer 75

Philippe Pinel

Question 76

This talented country doctor was in the countryside where he saw dairymaids who’d contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. Sores were produced on cows utter not mild or contagious. He packed is some kind of Baconian science.In 1796 he published his first vaccination. In 1798 he publishes his findings.

Answer 76

Edward Jenner(1749-1823)

Question 77

This man was impacted by Pietism and served as a catalyst for popular religious revival in England. He organized the holy club – Methodist – methodical their devotion. He had an emotional conversion in 1738. He preached in open fields. He rejected Calvinist predestination. He believed all men and women who sought salvation might be saved.

Answer 77

John Wesley (1703-1797)

Question 78

This Englishmen wrote commonsense in 1775 which was a brilliant attack and mobilized public opinion in favor of independence.

Answer 78

Thomas Paine