Ch20: Endocrine and Hematologic Emergencies Flashcards
What do alpha islet cells produce
glucagon
What do beta islet cells produce
insulin
Type 1 diabetes
patients are born with this
autoimmune disorder that destroys body’s own islet cells
Type 2 diabetes
developed over time usually because of overconsumption of glucose/sugars and desensitization of insulin receptors.
normal blood glucose range
80 - 120 mg/dL
hypoglycemia levels
below 80 mg/dL
hypoglycemic crisis levels
below 50 mg/dL
hyperglycemia levels
above 120 mg/mL
HHNS, HKA, symptomatic hyperglycemia
above 400 mg/mL
symptoms of Type 1 diabetes
polyuria - excessive urine
polydipsia - excessive thirst
polyphagia - excessive eating (due to excessive hunger)
weight loss
fatigue
diabetic ketoacidosis (HKA)
increased acidity of blood due to build up of ketones when the body has
symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (HKA)
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
body aches
altered mental status
symptomatic hyperglycemia
state of unconsciousness due to:
ketoacidosis and dehydration (polyuria) in Type 1
discharge of fluid throughout body in Type 2 –> HHNS
HHNS hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome
fluid imbalance that occurs more in older populations and can caused altered mental status, dehydration and organ damage
HHNS symptoms
altered mental status
dark urine
seizures
visual or sensory deficits
partial paralysis/muscle weakness
what causes polyuria in diabetic patients
Excess glucose gets into the urine, bringing water with it (osmotic effect)
what causes polydipsia (excessive thirst) in diabetic patients
Body responds to loss of water in polyuria through polydipsia –> making polyuria worse
causes of symptomatic hypoglycemia
correct dose of insulin administered but patient did more exercise + ate less, etc.
incorrect dose of insulin
which is faster: hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia
hypo! it’s acute, occurs rapidly and has deadly consequences
forms of oral glucose
oral gel, chewable tablet, liqiud
contraindications of oral glucose
inability to swallow
unconscious
vasoocclusive crisis
ischemia and pain caused by blockaged from sickle RBCs
normal lifespan of RBCs
110 - 120 DAYS
sickle cell anemia causes a build up of waste in the blood. what is a consequence of this
more clumping and possibility of thrombus
hemophilia
lack of blood clotting factors
are males or females more likely to have hemophilia?
males. it is a sex-linked allele
complications of hemophilia
intracerebral hemorrhage
thrombosis (due to medications)
long-term joint problems
thrombophilia
tendency towards forming blood clots
opposite of hemophilia
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs. can lodge in the lungs and cause pulmonary embolus
what causes deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
clotting factors e.g. from meds or recent surgery hospitalization
being sedentary for long periods of time e.g. bus driver, bedridden nursing home patients
