Ch20: Endocrine and Hematologic Emergencies

Question 1

What do alpha islet cells produce

Answer 1

glucagon

Question 2

What do beta islet cells produce

Answer 2

insulin

Question 3

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 3

patients are born with this
autoimmune disorder that destroys body’s own islet cells

Question 4

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 4

developed over time usually because of overconsumption of glucose/sugars and desensitization of insulin receptors.

Question 5

normal blood glucose range

Answer 5

80 - 120 mg/dL

Question 6

hypoglycemia levels

Answer 6

below 80 mg/dL

Question 7

hypoglycemic crisis levels

Answer 7

below 50 mg/dL

Question 8

hyperglycemia levels

Answer 8

above 120 mg/mL

Question 9

HHNS, HKA, symptomatic hyperglycemia

Answer 9

above 400 mg/mL

Question 10

symptoms of Type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

polyuria - excessive urine
polydipsia - excessive thirst
polyphagia - excessive eating (due to excessive hunger)
weight loss
fatigue

Question 11

diabetic ketoacidosis (HKA)

Answer 11

increased acidity of blood due to build up of ketones when the body has

Question 12

symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (HKA)

Answer 12

abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
body aches
altered mental status

Question 13

symptomatic hyperglycemia

Answer 13

state of unconsciousness due to:
ketoacidosis and dehydration (polyuria) in Type 1
discharge of fluid throughout body in Type 2 –> HHNS

Question 14

HHNS hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

Answer 14

fluid imbalance that occurs more in older populations and can caused altered mental status, dehydration and organ damage

Question 15

HHNS symptoms

Answer 15

altered mental status
dark urine
seizures
visual or sensory deficits
partial paralysis/muscle weakness

Question 16

what causes polyuria in diabetic patients

Answer 16

Excess glucose gets into the urine, bringing water with it (osmotic effect)

Question 17

what causes polydipsia (excessive thirst) in diabetic patients

Answer 17

Body responds to loss of water in polyuria through polydipsia –> making polyuria worse

Question 18

causes of symptomatic hypoglycemia

Answer 18

correct dose of insulin administered but patient did more exercise + ate less, etc.
incorrect dose of insulin

Question 19

which is faster: hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia

Answer 19

hypo! it’s acute, occurs rapidly and has deadly consequences

Question 20

forms of oral glucose

Answer 20

oral gel, chewable tablet, liqiud

Question 21

contraindications of oral glucose

Answer 21

inability to swallow
unconscious

Question 22

vasoocclusive crisis

Answer 22

ischemia and pain caused by blockaged from sickle RBCs

Question 23

normal lifespan of RBCs

Answer 23

110 - 120 DAYS

Question 24

sickle cell anemia causes a build up of waste in the blood. what is a consequence of this

Answer 24

more clumping and possibility of thrombus

Question 25

hemophilia

Answer 25

lack of blood clotting factors

Question 26

are males or females more likely to have hemophilia?

Answer 26

males. it is a sex-linked allele

Question 27

complications of hemophilia

Answer 27

intracerebral hemorrhage
thrombosis (due to medications)
long-term joint problems

Question 28

thrombophilia

Answer 28

tendency towards forming blood clots
opposite of hemophilia

Question 29

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 29

blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs. can lodge in the lungs and cause pulmonary embolus

Question 30

what causes deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 30

clotting factors e.g. from meds or recent surgery hospitalization
being sedentary for long periods of time e.g. bus driver, bedridden nursing home patients