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EMT Key Points > Ch12: Pharmacology > Flashcards

Ch12: Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is pharmacodynamics?

A

the effect a drug has on the body

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2
Q

what is an agonist?

A

a medication that stimulates the receptors

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3
Q

what is an antagonist?

A

a medication that inhibits a receptor

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4
Q

what does the ‘action’ of a medication mean?

A

the therapeutic effect of the medication on the body

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5
Q

what is pharmacokinetics?

A

the processes that the body performs on a medication from absorption, distribution to elimination

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5
Q

what are the pharmacokinetic factors of a drug?

A

PEDO HAHAHA

Peak = the point when maximal clinical effects of a drug is achieved
Elimination = how the body breaks down and gets rid of medications
Duration = how long is the clinical effect
Onset of action = the time between administration and desired effect

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6
Q

what is the therapeutic effect of a drug?

A

the desired or intended effect of a medication on the body

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7
Q

what are unintended (adverse) effects?

A

effects that are undesirable but pose little/no risk

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7
Q

what are adverse effects?

A

any actions of a medication other than the intended action

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7
Q

what are untoward (adverse) effects?

A

effects that can be harmful to the patient

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8
Q

what do “contraindications” mean in the context of pharmacology?

A

reaons or conditions for which a medication should NOT be given to a patient

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8
Q

what are contraindications for nitroglycerin?

A

severe hypotension
erectile dysfunction medication was taken within 24h (it also dilates blood vessels)
if blood pressure is below 100mmHg = NO NEED

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9
Q

what is a contraindication for taking aspirin?

A

suspected head bleed
recent internal bleeding e.g. stomach ulcers (contact medical control)

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10
Q

what is a relative contraindication of epinephrine?

A

glaucoma

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11
Q

what do “indications” mean in the context of pharmacology?

A

reasons or conditions for which a medication is given

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12
Q

what are the indications for aspirin?

A

heart attack
pain or fever (rmb medicinal chem!)

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13
Q

what are is the indication for nitroglycerin?

A

angina (chest pain caused by reduced flow of blood to the heart). nitroglycerin relaxes blood vessel walls, allowing more blood flow (which is why severe hypotension is a contraindication)

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14
Q

what is the indication for diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

A

allergic reaction

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15
Q

what is the intended effect of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

A

blocks action of histamine in an allergic reaction

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16
Q

what are two unintended effects of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

A

1) dry mouth
2) drowsiness

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17
Q

what is an untoward effect of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

A

increases pressure in the eye

18
Q

what is a contraindication of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)?

A

asthma (as it can worsen lower airway constriction)

19
Q

what is a trade name?

A

a brand name given to a medication by a manufacturer (begins with a capital letter).

a medication may have multiple trade names depending on how many companies manufacture it.

20
Q

is nitroglycerin a generic or trade name?

A

generic

21
Q

What is the generic name of Advil, Nuprin and Motrin?

A

ibuprofen

22
Q

Parenteral routes of administration

A

other ways than through the digestive system

22
Q

Enteral routes of administration

A

through the digestive system

22
Q

prescription vs. over-the-counter (OTC) medicine

A

prescription medicine = medicine that can only be obtained with a physician’s order
OTC medicine = medicine that can be obtained from a pharmacist without a physician’s order

23
Q

what is absorption in terms of medicine administration?

A

the process of medicines traveling through tissues until they reach the bloodstream

24
Q

examples of enteral administration routes

A

by mouth (PO)
sublingual (SL)
per rectal (PR)

25
Q

examples of parenteral administration routes

A

intravenous (IV)
intraosseous (IO) - into bone marrow
inhalation
intranasal
intramuscular
subcutaneous
transcutaneous

25
Q

why and when to deliver a medication orally (PO)?

A

non-invasive
many patients prefer taking medication orally than with needles
less costly than parenteral (no need needles)

26
Q

disadvantages of PO administration

A

absorption rate is variable, for example if the patient vomits
some medications may be destroyed by stomach acid

26
Q

why and when to use PR (per rectal) administration?

A

when patient can’t swallow or is unconscious
usually in children as they like to regurgitate their medicines
medicine not destroyed by stomach acid

27
Q

examples of substances that cannot be administered through IV

A

oxygen
aspirin
albuterol (in inhalers)

28
Q

why and when to use intravenous (IV) administration?

A

when medications need to enter bloodstream immediately

29
Q

why and when use IO (intraosseous) administration?

A

IO is used when IV is not possible
because it is painful, it is usually done in unconscious patients or those with cardiac arrest or extreme shock

30
Q

when and why use IM (intramuscular) administration?

A

when cannot locate an appropriate vein
already in auto-injector (e.g. epi Pen)

31
Q

when and why use inhalation administration?

A

medication works in lungs
minimize harmful events

32
Q

when and why use sublingual (SL) administration?

A

medication destroyed by stomach acid

33
Q

when is transcutaneous administration used?

A

when chemical can be absorbed from surface of skin into tissue (topical),
longer lasting effect

34
Q

explain the risks of transcutaneous patches with young children

A

the patches usually contain high doses of medication so it can cause an overdose in infants and children if they accidentally bite on it

34
Q

how to use intranasal administration?

A

liquid medication aerosolized in a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) and administered to nostril

35
Q

Medicine administration cross-check procedure?

A

“Med check.”
“Ready”
“I am going to give [medication] at [dose] through [route]”
“Contraindications?”
“None”
“Give it”

36
Q

peer-assisted medication

A

the administering of medication to yourself or your partner (e.g. after exposure to a specific agent)

37
Q

patient-assisted medication

A

helping a patient administer THEIR OWN medication (e.g. EpiPen, nitroglycerin, MDI bronchodilator)

37
Q

EMT-administered medication

A

medication given to a patient by an EMT such as oxygen, oral glucose, nitroglycerin and aspirin

38
Q

what to do if a medication error occurs

A

1) treat asap
2) tell medical control
3) follow local protocols and document thoroughly and honestly

39
Q

max number of nitroglycerin tablets to take

A

3

40
Q

what kind of medications end with -pril

A

ace inhibitors that help manage bp,
by vasodilation

EMT Key Points (21 decks)

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