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EMT Key Points > Ch19: Gastrointestinal and Urologic Emergencies > Flashcards

Ch19: Gastrointestinal and Urologic Emergencies Flashcards

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NREMT® EMT flashcards
1
Q

acute abdomen

A

sudden onset of pain in abdomen that usually indicate peritonitis; medical or surgical treatment needed immediately

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2
Q

role of spleen

A

part of lymphatic system that stores blood, filters blood and fights infection in the blood

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3
Q

where is the urinary tract located

A

retroperitoneal space

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4
Q

what is a common cause of secondary hypertension

A

kidney disease

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5
Q

what is the urinary bladder located right behind?

A

pubic symphysis

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6
Q

what kind of muscle is the urinary bladder made up of?

A

smooth muscle

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7
Q

what membrane is the abdominal cavity lined by?

A

peritoneum membrane

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8
Q

what membrane lines the walls of the abdominal cavity?

A

parietal peritoneum

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9
Q

what membrane lines the organs of the abdominal cavity?

A

visceral peritoneum

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10
Q

what fluid does the abdominal space usually contain to bathe and lubricate the abdominal organs?

A

peritoneal fluid

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11
Q

what is peritonitis

A

when another fluid besides the peritoneal fluid (e.g. blood, bile, pus, pancreatic juice) causes inflammation of the peritoneum

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11
Q

why is peritonitis usually characterized by emesis or vomiting.

A

peritonitis causes ileus. Ileus causes bowel paralysis. Hence the only way the stomach can empty itself is by vomiting (emesis)

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12
Q

what is a possible consequence of peritonitis?

A

ileus - paralysis of bowel movement

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13
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of irregular bulging pouches in the wall of the large intestine

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14
Q

Cholecystitis

A

inflammation of galbladder

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14
Q

Radiating vs referred pain

A

Referred pain is caused by something else in the body while radiating pain is caused by an issue or problem with the tissues or nerves in the area where it’s felt.

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15
Q

what kind of pain does the visceral peritoneum experience?

A

deep, hard to locate; can also cause referred pain
because nerves are from autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

what kind of pain does the parietal peritoneum experience?

A

more localized, sharp
because nerves in the abdomen skin are also present in the parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

what is the pain and location of appendicitis?

A

radiating - RLQ
referred - nasal
palpation - rebound tenderness

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18
Q

what is the pain and location of cholecystitis?

A

radiating - RUQ
referred - right shoulder

18
Q

what is the pain and location of diverticulitis?

A

LLQ

18
Q

what is the pain and location of ulcer?

A

upper mid-abdomen
upper back

18
Q

what is the pain and location of abdominal aortic aneurysm (rupture or dissection)?

A

lower quadrants and lower back

19
Q

what is the pain and location of kidney infection?

A

costovertebral angle (located at lowest rib)

19
Q

what is the pain and location of cystitis (inflammation of bladder)?

A

lower mid-abdomen (where the bladder is)

20
Q

what is the pain and location of kidney stones?

A

Left or right flank (anterior area right below ribs), radiating to genitalia

21
Q

what is the pain and location of pancreatitis?

A

upper quadrants of abdomen
back

22
Q

what is the pain and location of hernia?

A

anywhere in abdomen

23
Q

what is the pain and location of peritonitis?

A

diffused throughout abdomen

24
Q

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

when protective layers of stomach and duodenum destroyed that cause the acid to eat into the tissue

25
Q

causes of PUD

A

usually by bacterial infection (Helicobacter pylori)
also by NSAIDs (non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs) like aspirin and ibuprofen
worsened by alcohol and smoking by increasing acidity

26
Q

type and location of PUD pain

A

burning, gnawing pain
radiating - upper abdomen
referred - sternum

27
Q

does eating temporarily relieve PUD

A

yes

28
Q

symptoms of mild/moderate PUD

A

nausea
vomiting
belching
heartburn

29
Q

when does cholecystitis commonly show symptoms?

A

after a fatty meal! usually at night

30
Q

symptoms of severe PUD

A

hematemesis (hema+ emesis = vomiting blood)
melena (black, tarry stools)

31
Q

complications of pancreatitis

A

hemorrhage or sepsis

32
Q

stool color and texture with upper GI bleeding

A

black, tarry stools as blood is partially digested

33
Q

stool color and texture with lower GI bleeding

A

maroon, red colour

34
Q

how liver failure causes esophageal varices

A

blood cannot flow through liver causing back up in the vessels of the esophagus. can cause an upper GI bleed

35
Q

esophagitis

A

inflammation of esophagus because of infection or acid

36
Q

signs of liver disease + esophageal varcies

A

jaundice
weight loss
abdominal edema
fatigue

37
Q

signs of esophageal varices rupture

A

sudden-onset pain in sternum or epigastric region
hematemesis
inability to swallow

38
Q

Mallory weiss tear

A

Tear in lining between esophagus and stomach –> severe bleeding and possible death

39
Q

gastroenteritis

A

group of conditions of infection combined with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea

40
Q

aspects to ask patients during Hx taking

A

nausea and vomiting
changes in bowel habits
changes in urination
weight loss
belching, flatulence
pain - OPQRST
other symptoms

41
Q

kidney’s role in blood pressure regulation

A

filters out excess sodium and water

42
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

start with bacterial infection introduced in urethra and travels to bladder (cystitis) or kidney (pyelonephritis)

43
Q

risk factors of UTI

A

sedentary
poor hygiene

EMT Key Points (21 decks)

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