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Medical Terms > CH16-Endocrine System > Flashcards

CH16-Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pituitary gland

A

approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain. The pituitary is divided into
two lobes. It is often referred to as the master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate
the function of other endocrine glands (also called hypophysis cerebri)

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2
Q

anterior lobe

A

produces and secretes the following hormones

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3
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex

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4
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the thyroid gland

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5
Q

gonadotropic hormones

A

stimulate the gonads (the testes in males and ovaries in females). Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are the gonadotropic hormones released from the
adenohypophysis.

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6
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after brth of an infant

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7
Q

posterior lobe

A

stores and releases antidiuretics hormone and oxytocin

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8
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels to help maintain blood
pressure (also called vasopressin)

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

located superior to the pituitary gland in the brain

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10
Q

parathyroid glands

A

four small bodies embedded in the posterior aspect of the lobes of the thyroid gland (Fig. 16.3D).
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of
calcium in the blood by its effects on bone and kidneys.

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11
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that
secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Non-endocrine cells found throughout
the pancreas produce enzymes that facilitate digestion

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12
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex

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13
Q

acro

A

extremities, height

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14
Q

dipso

A

thirst

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15
Q

kali

A

potassium

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16
Q

natro

A

sodium

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17
Q

-drome

A

run, running

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18
Q

acromegaly

A

enlargement of the extremities (and face due to increased soft tissue, bone, and cartilage; caused
by excessive production of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland after puberty)

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19
Q

adrenalitits

A

inflammation of the adrenal glands

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20
Q

adrenomegaly

A

enlargement (of one or both) of the adrenal glands

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21
Q

hypercalcemia

A

excessive calcium in the blood

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22
Q

hyperglycemia

A

excessive sugar in the blood

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23
Q

hyperkalemia

A

excessive potassium in the blood

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24
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

state of excessive parathyroid gland activity (resulting in hypercalcemia and leading to
osteoporosis, as well as symptoms of muscle weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and
drowsiness)

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25
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

state of excessive pituitary gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of pituitary
hormones)

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26
Q

hyperthroidism

A

state of excessive thyroid gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid
hormones. Signs and symptoms include weight loss, irritability, and heat intolerance.)

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27
Q

hypocalcemia

A

deficient calcium in the blood

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28
Q

hypoglycemia

A

deficient sugar in the blood

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29
Q

hypokalemia

A

deficient potassium in the blood

30
Q

hyponatremia

A

deficient sodium in the blood

31
Q

hypopituitarism

A

state of deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of
the pituitary hormones, which can affect the function of the target endocrine gland; for example,
hypothyroidism can result from decreased secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the
pituitary gland)

32
Q

hypothyroidism

A

state of deficient thyroid gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of thyroid
hormones. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.)

33
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

state of total deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of all the
anterior pituitary hormones; this is a more serious condition than hypopituitarism in that it affects
the function of all the other endocrine glands) (Note: two prefixes are contained in this term)

34
Q

parathyroidoma

A

tumor of parathyroid gland

35
Q

Addison disease

A

chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex. Signs
and symptoms may include weakness, weight loss, hypotension, darkening of skin, and loss of
appetite.

36
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland, resulting in
hypothyroidism. The disease is characterized by puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue,
and dwarfism.

37
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal
cortices (pl. of cortex). This syndrome may be the result of a pituitary tumor that produces ACTH
or a primary adrenal cortex hypersecretion. Signs include abnormally pigmented skin, “moon face,”
pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, “buffalo hump” (fat on the upper back), wasting away of
muscle, and hypertension.

38
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Symptoms include excessive thirst (polydipsia), large amounts of urine (polyuria), and water being
excreted from the body.

39
Q

gigantism

A

condition brought about by hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before
puberty

40
Q

goiter

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

41
Q

Graves disease

A

autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the production of more thyroid
hormone than the body needs (hyperthyroidism), goiter, and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion
of the eyeballs)

42
Q

ketoacidosis

A

serious condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in which acid ketones accumulate
from fat metabolism in the absence of adequate insulin. If not promptly controlled by adequate
insulin and hydration, can progress to coma and death.

43
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat
around the area of the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides,
and low levels of the “good” cholesterol HDL. Risks include development of type 2 diabetes
mellitus, coronary heart disease, or stroke (also called syndrome X and insulin resistance
syndrome).

44
Q

myxedema

A

condition resulting from an extreme deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of
hypothyroidism in an adult. Signs include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened
skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia.

45
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually non-malignant and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain

46
Q

tetany

A

condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by deficiency of the parathyroid hormone

47
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones

48
Q

adrenalectomy

A

excision of (one or both) adrenal glands

49
Q

pancreatectomy

A

excision of the pancreas

50
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

excision of one or more parathyroid glands

51
Q

thyroidectomy

A

excision of the thyroid gland

52
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)

A

nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function, particularly when distinguishing different causes
of hyperthyroidism. Radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which the amount of its uptake
into the thyroid gland is measured. Images of the gland can also be obtained using this procedure.

53
Q

sestamibi parathyroid scan

A

nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands. The glands that take up an
abnormal amount of radioactive substance are identified and selected for surgical removal; the other
parathyroid glands may be left in place.

54
Q

thyroid sonography

A

ultrasound test of the thyroid gland used to help determine whether a thyroid nodule is likely benign or
possibly malignant, including whether it is cystic or solid. Also used to help guide a fine needle
aspiration (FNA) biopsy.

55
Q

fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

blood test to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood after fasting for 8–10 hours. Elevation
may indicate diabetes mellitus.

56
Q

fine needle aspiration (FNA)

A

biopsy technique that uses a narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic
examination. Thyroid nodules are frequently biopsied using FNA.

57
Q

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)

A

glycosylated
hemoglobin
(HbA1C)

(glī-KŌ-sa-lāt-
ad)

(HĒ-mō-glō-
bin)

blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measuring the amount of glucose
(sugar) bound to hemoglobin in the blood. HbA1C provides an indication of blood sugar level over the
past three months, covering the 120-day lifespan of the red blood cell (also called glycated hemoglobin,
hemoglobin A1C, and A1C test).

58
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone level (TSH)

A

blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose
hypothyroidism and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy

59
Q

thyroxine level

A

blood test that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood. A greater-
than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypothyroidism.

60
Q

adrenocorticohyperplasia

A

excessive development of the adrenal cortex

61
Q

adrenopathy

A

disease of the adrenal glandf

62
Q

cortical

A

pertaining to the cortex

63
Q

corticoid

A

resembling the cortex

64
Q

euglycemia

A

normal level of sugar in the blood

65
Q

euthyroid

A

resembling a normal thyroid gland

66
Q

glycemia

A

sugar in the blood

67
Q

polydipsia

A

abnormal state of much thirst

68
Q

syndrome

A

run together

69
Q

exophthalmos

A

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

70
Q

incretins

A

a group of hormones produced by the gastrointestinal system that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and help preserve the beta cells

71
Q

isthmus

A

narrow strip of tissue connecting two larger pats in the body

Medical Terms (13 decks)

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