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Medical Terms > CH14-Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

CH14-Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

periosteum

A

outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

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2
Q

compact bone

A

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

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3
Q

cancellous bone

A

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone (spongy bone)

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4
Q

endosteum

A

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

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5
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of the long bones

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6
Q

epiphysis

A

end of each long bone

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7
Q

bone marrow

A

material found in the cavities of the bones

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8
Q

red marrow

A

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

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9
Q

yellow marrow

A

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

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10
Q

maxilla

A

upper jawbone

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11
Q

mandible

A

lower jawbone

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12
Q

vertebral column

A

made up bones called vertebrae or vertebra through which the spinal cord runs. the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles.

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13
Q

cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

A

first set of seven bones, forming the neck

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14
Q

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

A

second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

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15
Q

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

A

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

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16
Q

sacrum

A

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints

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17
Q

coccyx

A

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

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18
Q

lamina

A

part of the vertebral arch

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19
Q

clavicle

A

collarbone

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20
Q

scapula

A

shoulder bone

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21
Q

acromion process

A

extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder

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22
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

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23
Q

xiphoid process

A

lower portion of the sternum

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24
Q

humerus

A

upper arm bone

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25
Q

ulna and radius

A

lower arm bones

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26
Q

olecranon process

A

projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

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27
Q

carpal bones

A

wrist bones

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28
Q

metacarpal bones

A

hand bones (metacarpus)

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29
Q

phalanx

A

finger and toe bones

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30
Q

ischium

A

lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits

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31
Q

ilium

A

upper, wing-shaped part on each side of the pelvis

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32
Q

acetabulum

A

large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur

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33
Q

femur

A

upper leg bone

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34
Q

tibia and fibula

A

lower leg bones

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35
Q

patella

A

kneecap

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36
Q

tarsal bones

A

ankle bones

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37
Q

calcaneus

A

heel bone

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38
Q

metatarsal bones

A

foot bones

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39
Q

meniscus

A

crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee

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40
Q

intervertebral disk

A

cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

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41
Q

pubic symphsis

A

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline

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42
Q

synovia

A

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons

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43
Q

bursa

A

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

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44
Q

ligament

A

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

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45
Q

aponeurosis

A

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

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46
Q

skeletal muscles

A

striated muscles

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47
Q

smooth muscles

A

unstriated muscles

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48
Q

cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

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49
Q

carpo

A

carpals, wrist

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50
Q

costo

A

rib

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51
Q

ilio

A

ilium

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52
Q

lumbo

A

loin, lumbar region of the spine

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53
Q

rachio

A

vertebra, spine, vertabral column

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54
Q

tarso

A

tarsals, ankle bones

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55
Q

aponeuro

A

aponeurosis

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56
Q

arthro

A

joint

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57
Q

chondro

A

cartilage

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58
Q

menisco

A

meniscus (crescent)

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59
Q

synovio

A

synovia, synovial membrane

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60
Q

ankylo

A

stiff,bent

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61
Q

kinesio

A

movement, motion

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62
Q

kypho

A

hump (increase convexity of the spine)

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63
Q

lordo

A

bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)

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64
Q

myelo

A

bone marrow

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65
Q

osteo

A

bone

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66
Q

petro

A

stone

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67
Q

sarco

A

flesh, connective tissue

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68
Q

scolio

A

(lateral) curved (spine)

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69
Q

inter

A

beteen

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70
Q

upra

A

above

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71
Q

asthenia

A

weakness

72
Q

desis

A

surgical fixation, fusion

73
Q

schisis

A

split, fissure

74
Q

trophy

A

nourishment, development

75
Q

ankylosis

A

abnormal condition of stiffness

76
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of a bursa

77
Q

chondromalacia

A

softening of cartilage

78
Q

cranioschisis

A

fissure of the cranium

79
Q

diskitis

A

inflammation of an intervertebral disk

80
Q

fibromyalgia

A

paint in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep)

81
Q

kyphosis

A

abnormal condition of a hump (in the thoracic spine); hunchback

82
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal condition of bending forward in the lumbar spine; swayback

83
Q

maxillitis

A

inflammation of the maxilla

84
Q

meniscitis

A

inflammation of a meniscus

85
Q

myasthenia

A

muscle weakness

86
Q

myelome

A

tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)

87
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of the bone

88
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

inflammation of the bone and joint

89
Q

osteochondritis

A

inflammation of the bone and cartilage

90
Q

osteofibroma

A

tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue

91
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bone

92
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)

93
Q

osteopenia

A

abnormal reduction of bone marrow (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis

94
Q

osteopetrosis

A

abnormal condition of stonelike bones; very dense bones caused by defective resorption of bone

95
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the bone

96
Q

polymyositis

A

inflammation of many muscles

97
Q

rachischisis

A

fissure of the vertebral column

98
Q

rhabdomyolysis

A

dissolution of striated muscle

99
Q

sarcopenia

A

abnormal reduction of connective tissue

100
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal condition of lateral curved spine

101
Q

spondylarthritis

A

inflammation of the vertebral joints; spondyloarthritis

102
Q

spondylosis

A

abnormal condition of the vertebrae

103
Q

synoviosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of the synovial membrane

104
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

105
Q

tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane

106
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a
forward bend of the spine (also called Strümpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid
spondylitis)

107
Q

bunion

A

abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint. It is a
common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes

108
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve.
Symptoms include pain and tingling in portions of the hand and fingers.

109
Q

colles fracture

A

type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being
displaced backward.

110
Q

exostosis

A

abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone

111
Q

gout

A

disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to
be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis. The great toe is frequently affected.

112
Q

herniated disk

A

rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting
pressure on the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral
disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])

113
Q

lyme disease

A

infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium provokes
an immune response in the body, the symptoms of which can mimic several musculoskeletal diseases.
Patients may experience fever, headache, and joint pain. A rash (target lesion) may initially arise at
the site of the tick bite. Lyme disease was first reported in Lyme, Connecticut, in 1975.

114
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

115
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the
transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, and throat are frequently
affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.

116
Q

osteoporosis

A

abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal
women)

117
Q

platar fasciitis

A

inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue of the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury;
common cause of heel pain

118
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue
throughout the body

119
Q

spinal stenosis

A

narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is either congenital or
due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or
tingling in the lower extremities.

120
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

forward slipping of one vertebra over another

121
Q

aponeurorrhaphy

A

suturing of an aponeurosis

122
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint

123
Q

arthrodesis

A

surgical fixation of a joint

124
Q

arthroplasty

A

surgical repair of a joint

125
Q

bursectomy

A

excision of a bursa

126
Q

carpectomy

A

excision of a carpal bone

127
Q

chondrectomy

A

excision of a cartilage

128
Q

chondroplasty

A

surgical repair of a cartilage

129
Q

costectomy

A

excision of a rib

130
Q

cranioplasty

A

surgical repair of the skull

131
Q

craniotomy

A

incision into the cranium

132
Q

diskectomy

A

excision of an intervertebral disk

133
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of a lamina

134
Q

macillectomy

A

excision of the maxilla

135
Q

meniscectomy

A

excision of a meniscus

136
Q

myorrhaphy

A

suturing of a muscle

137
Q

ostectomy

A

excision of a bone

138
Q

osteotomy

A

incision into a bone

139
Q

patellectomy

A

excision of a patella

140
Q

phalangectomy

A

excision of a finger or toe bone

141
Q

rachiotomy

A

incision into the vertebral column

142
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

fusing together of the vertebrae

143
Q

synovectomy

A

excision of the synovial membrane of a joint

144
Q

tarsectomy

A

excision of one or more tarsal bones

145
Q

tenomyoplasty

A

surgical repair of the tendon and muscle

146
Q

tenorrhaphy

A

suturing of a tendon

147
Q

vertebroplasty

A

surgical repair of a vertebra

148
Q

arthrography

A

radiographic imaging of a joint (with contrast media). (Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] has mostly
replaced conventional arthrography as the imaging technique for joints such as the knee, wrist, hip, and
shoulder. Many of the remaining arthrograms are performed in conjunction with MRI. A conventional
arthrogram might be used in situations in which a patient cannot have an MRI, such as a person with a
cardiac pacemaker. See Table 14.3 for diagnostic imaging procedures used for the musculoskeletal
system.)

149
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual examination of a joint

150
Q

electromyogram (EMG)

A

record of the electrical activity in a skeletal muscle

151
Q

arthralgia

A

pain in the joint

152
Q

atrophy

A

without development (process of wasting away)

153
Q

bradykinesia

A

slow movement

154
Q

costochondral

A

pertaining to the ribs and carilage

155
Q

dystrophy

A

abnormal development

156
Q

hyperkinesia

A

kyperactive

157
Q

hypertrophy

A

excessive development

158
Q

iliofemoral

A

pertaining to the ilium and femure

159
Q

intercostal

A

pertaining to between the ribs

160
Q

ischiopubis

A

pertaining to the ischium and pubis

161
Q

myalgia

A

pain in muscle

162
Q

osteoblast

A

developing bone cell

163
Q

osteocyte

A

bone cell

164
Q

osteoncrosis

A

abnormal condition of bone death (due to lack of blood supply)

165
Q

sternoid

A

resembling the sternum

166
Q

subcostal

A

pertaining to below the rub

167
Q

symphysis

A

growing together (as in symphysis pubis)

168
Q

crepitus

A

crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the
rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint. (Crepitus is also used to describe the crackling sound heard
with pneumonia.) (also called crepitation)

169
Q

podiatrist

A

specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment

170
Q

abduction

A

moving away from the midline

171
Q

adduction

A

moving toward the midline

172
Q

inversion

A

turning inward

173
Q

exversion

A

turning outward

174
Q

extension

A

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

175
Q

flexion

A

movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint

176
Q

pronation

A

movement that turns the palm down

177
Q

supination

A

movement that turns the palm up

Medical Terms (13 decks)

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