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Medical Terms > CH10-Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems, and Blood > Flashcards

CH10-Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems, and Blood Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and
the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction.

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2
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between
the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively.

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3
Q

pericardium

A

two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer. The internal serous layer is then divided into two parts: the outer layer, called the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, called the epicardium. Between these is the pericardial space, which contains fluid produced by the serous layer that facilitates movement of the heart.

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4
Q

epicardium

A

outer lining covering the heart; also part of the pericardium

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5
Q

myocardium

A

middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart

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6
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, carry oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells. The pulmonary artery, in
contrast, carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs.

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7
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body, which originates at the left ventricle

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8
Q

venules

A

smallest veins

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9
Q

venae cavae

A

largest veins in the body. the inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and the superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body.

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10
Q

serum

A

clear, watery fluid portion of blood that remains after the blood clots

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11
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that carry oxygen , develop in bone marrow

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12
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation; five types

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13
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets; one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the blood clotting

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14
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into the superior vena cava. The lymphatic vessels begin as capillaries spread throughout the body then merge into larger tubes that eventually become ducts in the chest. They provide a one-way flow for lymph, which enters through veins into the circulatory system.

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15
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. They may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. The nodes filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign
agents from entering the blood. They also produce lymphocytes.

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16
Q

spleen

A

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm. In adulthood, the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. Blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. The spleen stores blood and destroys worn out red blood cells.

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17
Q

thymus gland

A

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. It plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly
from infancy to puberty. Around puberty the thymus gland shrinks so that most of the gland is connective
tissue.

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18
Q

athreo

A

yellowish, fatty plaque

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19
Q

echo

A

sound

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20
Q

ischo

A

deficiency; blockage

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21
Q

thrombo

A

clot

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22
Q

brady

A

slow

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23
Q

pan

A

all, total

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24
Q

penia

A

abnormal reduction in number

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25
Q

poiesis

A

formation

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26
Q

schlerosis

A

hardening

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27
Q

angioma

A

tumor composed of blood vessels

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28
Q

angiostenosis

A

narrowing of the blood vessels

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29
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing, pertaining to the aorta

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30
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

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31
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening of the fatty plaque (deposited on arterial wall)

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32
Q

bradycardia

A

condition of a slow heart (less than 60 bpm)

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33
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

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34
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

disease of the heart muscle

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35
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

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36
Q

ischemia

A

deficiency in blood (flow); (caused by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel. For example, in myocardial ischemia a deficient flow of blood to the heart muscle through the coronary arteries is caused by vessel constriction commonly due to atherosclerosis and can lead to myocardial
infarction.)

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37
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

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38
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

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39
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

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40
Q

polyarteritis

A

inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries

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41
Q

tachycardia

A

condition of a rapid heart (more than 100 bpm)

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42
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot

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43
Q

valvulitis

A

inflammation of a valve (of the heart)

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44
Q

erythrocytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of red blood cells

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45
Q

hematoma

A

tumor of blood (collection that has leaked out of a broken vessel into surrounding tissue)

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46
Q

leukocytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of white blood cells

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47
Q

multiple myeloma

A

tumors of the bone marrow

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48
Q

pancytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of all blood cells

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49
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)

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50
Q

thrombosis

A

abnormal condition of a blood clot

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51
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)

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52
Q

lymphadentis

A

inflammation of the lymph nodes

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53
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

disease of lymph nodes

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54
Q

lymphoma

A

tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)

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55
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

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56
Q

thymoma

A

tumor the thymus gland

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57
Q

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and treatment and to minimize heart damage.

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58
Q

aneurysm

A

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

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59
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when their is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

60
Q

arrhythmia

A

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

61
Q

atrial fibrillation (AFib)

A

cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria. The atria quiver instead of contracting, causing an irregular ventricular response. Not all of the blood is ejected with each contraction, and the remaining blood flow becomes turbulent. This increases the risk of clot formation. Two types of AFib are paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), which is intermittent, and chronic atrial
fibrillation, which is sustained

62
Q

cardiac arrest

A

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which requires CPR

63
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

64
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

congenital stenosis (narrowing) which occurs in the arch of the aorta

65
Q

coronary artery disease (CAD)

A

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally; most often
caused by coronary atherosclerosis. CAD is a common cause of heart failure and myocardial infarction.

66
Q

cor pulmonale

A

enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

67
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

condition of thrombus (clot) in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

68
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; it may be associated with hypertrophy (abnormal thickening of the heart muscle) or dilation of the chambers of the heart (due to thinning and stretching of the heart muscle)

69
Q

intermittent claudication

A

condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then completely resolves when the patient is at rest. It is caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease.

70
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by an episode of rheumatic fever

71
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted
blood supply (also called heart attack)

72
Q

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

A

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery.
This is caused most commonly by atherosclerosis, but occasionally by inflammatory diseases, emboli, or
thrombus formation. The most common symptom of peripheral artery disease is intermittent claudication. (also called peripheral vascular disease [PVD])

73
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

74
Q

varicose veins

A

distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

75
Q

anemia

A

condition in which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs). Anemia may be caused by
blood loss, by decreased production of RBCs, or by increased destruction of RBCs.

76
Q

embolus

A

blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation

77
Q

hemophilia

A

inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

78
Q

leukemia

A

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) formed in the bone marrow

79
Q

sepsis

A

systemic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the
bloodstream and multiplying; life-threatening condition, which may lead to tissue damage, organ
failure, and death. The overwhelming presence of pathogens in the blood is called septicemia.

80
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes (also called Hodgkin lymphoma)

81
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever. The disease affects mostly young people and is often transmitted by saliva.

82
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of a blood vessel

83
Q

atherectomy

A

excision of fatty plaque

84
Q

endarterectomy

A

excision within the artery (excision of plaque from the arterial wall). This procedure is usually named for the artery to be cleaned out, such as carotid endarterectomy, which means removal of plaque from the wall of the carotid artery

85
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart

86
Q

phlebectomy

A

excision of a vein

87
Q

phlebotomy

A

incision into a vein

88
Q

valvuloplasty

A

surgical repair of a valve

89
Q

splenectomy

A

excision of the spleen

90
Q

splenorrhaphy

A

suturing, repairing of the spleen

91
Q

thymectomy

A

excision of they thymus gland

92
Q

aneurysmectomy

A

surgical excision of an aneurysm

93
Q

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

A

device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. If life-threatening arrhythmias occur, the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal
rhythm.

94
Q

catheter ablation

A

procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells

95
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

96
Q

coronary stent

A

supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

97
Q

embolectomy

A

surgical removal of an embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the clot with it

98
Q

femoropopliteal bypass

A

surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction

99
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. When the balloon is inflated, the vessel wall expands, allowing blood to flow more freely.

100
Q

thrombolytic therapy

A

injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots. It is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction.

101
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

procedure to obtain a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow, usually from the ilium(upper hip bone) for study; used to diagnose leukemia, infections, some types of anemia, and other blood disorders

102
Q

angiography

A

radiography imaging of blood vessels

103
Q

angioscope

A

instrument used for visual examination

104
Q

venogram

A

radiographic image of a vein

105
Q

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied

106
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities

107
Q

sestamibi test

A

nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells, but not in ischemia or infarction. These areas are identified as “cold” spots on the images produced.

108
Q

single-photon emission computed tomography

A

nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles, producing three-dimensional images; used to assess damage to cardiac tissue

109
Q

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

A

ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures

110
Q

cardiac catheterization

A

diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels; used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease

111
Q

exercise stress test

A

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. Electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography, and nuclear medicine scanning (diagnostic imaging tests) can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising.

112
Q

blood pressure (BP)

A

pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. A blood pressure measurement written as systolic pressure (120) and diastolic pressure (80) is commonly recorded as 120/80 (blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury [mm Hg]).

113
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

device used for measuring blood pressure

114
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. It is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

115
Q

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

A

blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. The test is useful in evaluating patients with acute myocardial infarction.

116
Q

lipid profile

A

blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids (fat-like substances) in a sample of blood. This test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid-lowering medications

117
Q

troponin

A

blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. Troponins are released into the blood approximately 3 hours after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7 to 10 days. The test is useful in the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction.

118
Q

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

A

blood test used to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking heparin, an intravenous anticoagulant medication

119
Q

coagulation time

A

blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot

120
Q

complete blood count (CBC) and differential

A

laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets); this automated test quickly provides a tremendous amount of information about the blood

121
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of a blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes. It is used in the diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients.

122
Q

prothrombin time

A

blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking warfarin, an oral anticoagulant medication

123
Q

atrioventricular

A

pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

124
Q

hematologist

A

physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood

125
Q

myelopoiesis

A

formation of bone marrow

126
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)

127
Q

thrombolysis

A

dissolution of a clot

128
Q

bruit

A

abnormal vascular sound heard through auscultation, caused by turbulent blood flow through arteries or veins. Cardiovascular system abnormalities, such as aneurysm, create a distinctive bruit. Bruits may occur in numerous sites throughout the body where blood flow or body system functioning is abnormal.

129
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation

130
Q

defibrillation

A

application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

131
Q

diastole

A

phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood between contractions (diastolic is the lower number of a blood pressure reading)

132
Q

extracorporeal

A

occurring outside the body. During open-heart surgery, extracorporeal circulation occurs when blood is diverted outside the body to a heart-lung machine.

133
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles

134
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

135
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

excessive amount of any type of fats (lipoproteins, triglycerides, and cholesterol) in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

136
Q

hypertension (HTN)

A

blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 140/90)

137
Q

hypertriglyceridemia

A

excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood ; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

138
Q

hypotension

A

blood pressure that is below normal (less than 90/60)

139
Q

murmur

A

abnormal cardiac sound heard through auscultation; caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart. Murmurs are short-duration sounds heard in the cardiac region that are distinct from normal heart sounds. Heart valve defects, such as mitral valve stenosis, create a distinctive murmur.

140
Q

occlude

A

to close tightly, to block

141
Q

systole

A

phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract and eject blood (systolic is the upper number of a blood pressure reading)

142
Q

ACS

A

acute coronary syndrome

143
Q

AFib

A

atrial fibrillation

144
Q

AICD

A

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator

145
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

Medical Terms (13 decks)

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