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Medical Terms > CH11-Digestive System > Flashcards

CH11-Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

palate

A

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

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2
Q

soft palate

A

posterior portion, not supported by bone

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3
Q

hard palate

A

anterior portion, supported by bone

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4
Q

uvula

A

soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat

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5
Q

cardia

A

area around the opening of the esophagus

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6
Q

fundus

A

proximal domed portion of the stomach

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7
Q

pylorus

A

portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

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8
Q

antrum

A

distal portion of the stomach

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9
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of the muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

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10
Q

duodenum

A

first 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine

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11
Q

jejunum

A

second portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet long

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12
Q

ileum

A

third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet long, which connects with the large intestine

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13
Q

cecum

A

u-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

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14
Q

salivary glands

A

produces saliva, which flows into the mouth

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15
Q

bile ducts

A

passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct is a passageway for bile from the liver, and the cystic duct carries bile to and from the gallbladder. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively, these passageways are referred to as the biliary tract.

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16
Q

gallbladder

A

small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver

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17
Q

peritoneum

A

serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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18
Q

ano

A

anus

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19
Q

antro

A

antrum

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20
Q

ceco

A

cecum

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21
Q

colo

A

colon (large intestine)

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22
Q

duodeno

A

duodenum

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23
Q

entero

A

small intestine

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24
Q

gastro

A

stomach

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25
Q

ileo

A

ileum

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26
Q

jejuno

A

jejunum

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27
Q

oro

A

mouth

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28
Q

procto

A

rectum

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29
Q

sigmoido

A

sigmoid colon

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30
Q

cheilo

A

lips

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31
Q

cholangio

A

bile ducts

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32
Q

chole

A

gall, bile

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33
Q

choledocho

A

common bile duct

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34
Q

diverticulo

A

diverticulum

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35
Q

gingivo

A

gums

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36
Q

glosso

A

tongue

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37
Q

hepato

A

liver

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38
Q

hernio

A

hernia (protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall)

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39
Q

polypo

A

polyp, small growth

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40
Q

pyloro

A

pylorus, pyloric sphincter

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41
Q

sialo

A

saliva, salivary gland

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42
Q

steato

A

fat

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43
Q

hemi

A

half

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44
Q

pepsia

A

digestion

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45
Q

cholangioma

A

tumor of the bile duct

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46
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

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47
Q

choledocholithiasis

A

condition of stones in the common bile duct

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48
Q

cholelithiasis

A

condition of the gallstones

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49
Q

colitis

A

inflammation of the colon

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50
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of a diverticulum

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51
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of the intestines

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52
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach

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53
Q

gastroenteritis

A

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

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54
Q

gingivitis

A

inflammation of the gums

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55
Q

glossitis

A

inflammation of the tongue

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56
Q

hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

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57
Q

hepatoma

A

tumor of the liver

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58
Q

palatitis

A

inflammation of the palate

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59
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum

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60
Q

polyposis

A

abnormal condition of (multiple) polyps (in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon)

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61
Q

proctitis

A

inflammation of the rectum

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62
Q

rectocele

A

hernia of the rectum

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63
Q

sialolith

A

stone in the salivary gland

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64
Q

steatohepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver associated with (excess) fat

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65
Q

uvulitis

A

inflammation of the uvula

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66
Q

adhesion

A

abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated

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67
Q

celiac disease

A

malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten (a protein in wheat, rye, and barley), which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. Celiac disease is considered a multisystem disorder with varying signs and
symptoms, including abdominal bloating and pain, chronic diarrhea or constipation, steatorrhea(excessive fat in the stool), vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, and iron deficiency anemia. A pruritic skin rash known as dermatitis herpetiformis may be associated with celiac disease (also called gluten
enteropathy).

68
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

69
Q

crohn disease

A

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction (also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis)

70
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus

71
Q

hemochromatosis

A

iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue; can cause heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cnacer of the liver

72
Q

hemorrhoids

A

swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus, which are called internal or external, respectively, and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain

73
Q

Ileus

A

non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine, caused by a lack of effective peristalsis

74
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping of a segment of the intestine

75
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

periodic disturbance of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain

76
Q

obesity

A

excess of body fat

77
Q

peptic ulcer

A

erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection or medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

78
Q

polyp

A

tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign

79
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea

80
Q

volvulus

A

twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction

81
Q

abdominocentesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity

82
Q

abdominoplasty

A

surgical repair of the abdomen

83
Q

anoplasty

A

surgical repair of the anus

84
Q

antrectomy

A

excision of the antrum (of the stomach)

85
Q

appendectomy

A

excision of the appendix

86
Q

cheiloplasty

A

surgical repair of the lip

87
Q

cholecystectomy

A

excision of the gallbladder

88
Q

choledocholithotomy

A

incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone

89
Q

colectomy

A

excision of the colon

90
Q

colostomy

A

creation of an artificial opening into the colon (through the abdominal wall). (Used for the passage of stool. A colostomy, which creates a mouthlike opening on the abdominal wall called a stoma, may be permanent or temporary; performed as treatment for bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis.)

91
Q

diverticulectomy

A

excision of a diverticulum

92
Q

enterorrhaphy

A

suturing of the intestine

93
Q

esophagogastroplasty

A

surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach

94
Q

gastrectomy

A

excision of the stomach (or part of the stomach)

95
Q

gastrojejunostomy

A

creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum

96
Q

gastroplasty

A

surgical repair of the stomach

97
Q

gastrostomy

A

creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (through the abdominal wall)

98
Q

gingivectomy

A

surgical removal of gum (tissue)

99
Q

glossorrhaphy

A

suturing of the tongue

100
Q

hemicolectomy

A

excision of half of the colon

101
Q

herniorrhaphy

A

suturing of hernia (for repair)

102
Q

ileostomy

A

creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall creating a stoma, a mouthlike opening on the abdominal wall) (used for the passage of stool)

103
Q

laparotomy

A

incision into the abdominal cavity

104
Q

palatoplasty

A

surgical repair of the palate

105
Q

polypectomy

A

excision of a polyp

106
Q

pyloromyotomy

A

incision into the pyloric muscle (performed to correct pyloric stenosis)

107
Q

pyloroplasty

A

surgical repair of the pylorus

108
Q

uvulectomy

A

excision of the uvula

109
Q

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

A

surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea)

110
Q

abdominoperineal resection (APR)

A

removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches

111
Q

anastomosis

A

connection created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments

112
Q

bariatric surgery

A

surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity, a condition which can cause serious

113
Q

hemorrhoidectomy

A

excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus

114
Q

vagotomy

A

cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

115
Q

cholangiogram

A

radiographic image of the bile ducts

116
Q

cholangiography

A

radiographic imaging of the bile ducts (after administration of contrast media to outline the ducts)

117
Q

CT colonography

A

radiographic imaging of the colon (using computed tomography)

118
Q

esophagogram

A

radiographic image of the esophagus (and pharynx)

119
Q

capsule endoscopy

A

(capsule) visual examination within (a hollow organ); (procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine [which is not easily accessed by traditional endoscopy]; used to find obscure causes of gastrointestinal bleeding and to diagnose disorders such as Crohn disease, celiac disease, and cancer [also called camera endoscopy])

120
Q

colonscope

A

instrument used for visual examination of the colon

121
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

122
Q

esophagoscopy

A

visual examination of the esophagus

123
Q

gastroscope

A

instrument used for visual examination of the stomach

124
Q

laparoscope

A

instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity

125
Q

proctoscope

A

instrument used for visual examination of the rectum

126
Q

proctoscopy

A

visual examination of the rectum

127
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

visual examination of the sigmoid colon

128
Q

abdominal sonography

A

ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas can be visualized. Liver cysts, abscesses, tumors, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and pancreatic tumors may be detected. May also be used to evaluate the kidneys and the portion of the aorta extending through the abdominal cavity

129
Q

barium enema (BE)

A

series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally

130
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

procedure in which contrast media is introduced (through an endoscope in the duodenum) into the biliary and pancreatic ducts; used to evaluate obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer

131
Q

endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

A

procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and stomach linings, as well as the walls of the small and large intestines; used to detect tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors

132
Q

upper GI series

A

series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally

133
Q

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

A

test to detect occult blood in feces. it is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps

134
Q

helicobacter pylori antibodies test

A

blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. the bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers

135
Q

aphagia

A

without swallowing (the inability to)

136
Q

celiac

A

pertaining to the abdomen

137
Q

colorectal

A

pertaining to the colon and rectum

138
Q

duodenal

A

pertaining to the duodenum

139
Q

dyspepsia

A

difficult digestion (often used to describe GI symptoms, such as abdominal pain and bloating)

140
Q

dysphagia

A

difficult swallowing

141
Q

enteropathy

A

disease of the intestine

142
Q

gastric

A

pertaining to the stomach

143
Q

gastroenterology

A

study of the stomach and intestines

144
Q

gastromalacia

A

softening of the stomach

145
Q

hepatomegaly

A

enlargement of the liver

146
Q

ileocecal

A

pertaining to the ileum and cecum

147
Q

nasogastric

A

pertaining to the nose and stomach

148
Q

orogastric

A

pertaining to the mouth and stomach

149
Q

peritoneal

A

pertaining to the peritoneum

150
Q

proctology

A

study of the rectum

151
Q

steatorrhea

A

discharge of fat (excessive amount of fat in the stool, causing frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter usually associated with the malabsorption of fat in conditions such as chronic pancreatitis and celiac disease)

152
Q

steatosis

A

abnormal condition of fat (increased fat at the cellular level often affecting the liver)

153
Q

stomatitis

A

inflammation of the mouth (mucous membrane)

154
Q

sublingual

A

pertaining to under the tongue

155
Q

ascites

A

abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

156
Q

dysentery

A

disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine (usually the large intestine) associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea that is often bloody

157
Q

emesis

A

expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth

158
Q

flatus

A

gas in the GI tract or expelled through the anus

159
Q

gastric lavage

A

washing out of the stomach

160
Q

gavage

A

process of feeding a person through a tube

161
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood

162
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of visibly bloody faces

163
Q

melena

A

black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract

164
Q

palpate

A

to examine by hand; to feel

165
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract

166
Q

stoma

A

surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or a similar operation

Medical Terms (13 decks)

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