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Medical Terms > CH15-Nervous System > Flashcards

CH15-Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebrum controls the skeletal
muscles, interprets general senses (such as temperature, pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight
and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum.

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2
Q

ventricles

A

cavities (spaces) within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid flows
through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

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3
Q

cerebellum

A

located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum; assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles to
maintain balance (also called hindbrain)

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4
Q

pons

A

literally means bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem.

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5
Q

medulla oblongata

A

located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the
muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure.

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6
Q

midbrain

A

most superior portion of the brainstem

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7
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the
brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears
metabolic waste.

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8
Q

spinal cord

A

passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second
lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action
to sensory information without input from the brain.

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9
Q

meninges

A

three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

dura mater

A

tough outer layer of the meninges

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11
Q

aarchnoid

A

delicate middle layer of the meninges

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12
Q

pia mater

A

thin inner later of the meninges

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13
Q

ganglion

A

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

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14
Q

glia

A

specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue

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15
Q

cerebello

A

cerebellum

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16
Q

cerebro

A

cerebrum

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17
Q

duro

A

hard, dura mater

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18
Q

myelo

A

spinal cord

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19
Q

radico

A

nerve root

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20
Q

esthesio

A

sensation, sensitivity, feeling

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21
Q

mento

A

mind

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22
Q

phaso

A

speech

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23
Q

polio

A

gray matter`

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24
Q

-ictal

A

seizure, attack

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25
Q

-iatry

A

treatment, specialty

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26
Q

cerrebellitis

A

inflammation of the cerebellum

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27
Q

cerebral thrombosis

A

pertaining to the cerebrum, abnormal condition of a clot (blood clot in a blood vessel of the
brain. Onset of symptoms may appear from minutes to days after an obstruction occurs; a
cause of ischemic stroke.)

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28
Q

duritis

A

inflammation of the dura mater

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29
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

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30
Q

encephalomalacia

A

softening of the brain

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31
Q

encephalomyeloradiculitis

A

inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots

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32
Q

glioblastoma

A

tumor composed of glia

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33
Q

meningioma

A

tumor of the meninges

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34
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

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35
Q

meningocele

A

protrusion of the meninges (through a defect in the skull or vertebral arch)

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36
Q

mononeuropathy

A

disease affecting a single nerve

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37
Q

neuralgia

A

pain in a nerve

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38
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of a nerve

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39
Q

neuroarthropathy

A

disease of nerves and joints

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40
Q

poliomyelitis

A

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

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41
Q

polyneuritits

A

inflammation of many nerves

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42
Q

polyneuropathy

A

disease of many nerves (most often occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus, but may
also occur as a result of drug therapy, critical illness such as sepsis, or carcinoma; exhibiting
symptoms of weakness, distal sensory loss, and burning)

43
Q

radiculities

A

inflammation of the nerve roots

44
Q

rhizomeningomyelitis

A

inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord

45
Q

subdural hematoma

A

pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood

46
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of
the spinal cord that control muscles (also called Lou Gehrig disease)

47
Q

bell palsy

A

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve—
cranial nerve VII. Signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid;
paralysis is usually temporary.

48
Q

cerebral embolism

A

an embolus (usually a blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque arising from a distant site) lodges in
a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue. Atrial fibrillation is a
common cause of cerebral embolism, which can lead to ischemic stroke.

49
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A

condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion
present at birth or shortly after

50
Q

hydrocephalus

A

congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in
dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain function. For infants, hydrocephalus can cause
enlargement of the cranium.

51
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. Symptoms vary depending
on the location of the hemorrhage; acute symptoms include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished
level of consciousness, and hemiparesis. The symptoms often develop suddenly. Intracerebral
hemorrhage, a cause of hemorrhagic stroke, is frequently associated with high blood pressure.

52
Q

Parkinson disease (PD)

A

chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include resting tremors
of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, and eventually dementia. It usually
occurs after the age of 50 years. (also called parkinsonism)

53
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and
toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve
from sitting for long periods

54
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

A

bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges (subarachnoid space), caused by a
ruptured blood vessel (usually a cerebral aneurysm). The patient may experience an intense, sudden
headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and neck pain. SAH is a critical condition which must be
recognized and treated immediately to prevent permanent brain damage or death. (a cause of
hemorrhagic stroke)

55
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. The symptoms may be similar to those
of stroke, but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs
are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke.

56
Q

vascular or multiple infarct dementia

A

affects approximately 10% of patients with dementia. It is secondary to cerebrovascular disease and
usually occurs in older patients. Dementia usually worsens in a step-wise fashion, and other
neurological findings (like paralysis or cranial nerve abnormalities) are often present.

57
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

usually a rapidly progressive form of dementia which is responsible for approximately 10% of all
dementias. Lewy body dementia is characterized by hallucinations, fluctuations in severity, sleep
disorders, and Parkinson symptoms, the latter of which occur less than one year before the dementia.

58
Q

Frontotemporal dementia

A

affects the anterior portions of the brain; most common symptoms are personality changes, disinhibition,
and impulsiveness. Atrophy may be observed on brain CT or MRI.

59
Q

normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain leads to a triad of dementia, urinary incontinence, and gait
instability. Sometimes caused by trauma or subarachnoid hemorrhage; can be treated with a ventricular
peritoneal shunt

60
Q

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

A

form of dementia found with chronic alcoholism; caused by thiamine deficiency and poor nutritional
status

61
Q

ganglionectomy

A

excision of a ganglion

62
Q

neurectomy

A

excision of a nerve

63
Q

neurolysis

A

loosening, separating a nerve (to release it from surrounding tissues)

64
Q

neuroplasty

A

surgical repair of a nerve

65
Q

neurorrhaphy

A

suturing of a nerve

66
Q

neurotomy

A

incision into a nerve

67
Q

radicotomy

A

incision into a nerve root

68
Q

cerebral angiography

A

process or recording the blood vessels of the cerebrum

69
Q

CT myelography

A

process of recording (scan of) the spinal cord (after an injection of a contrast agent into the
subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture. Size, shape, and position of the spinal cord and nerve
roots are demonstrated.)

70
Q

electroencephalography

A

process of recording the electrical activity of the brain

71
Q

evoked potential studies (EP studies)

A

group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory,
or somatosensory stimuli. Visual evoked response (VER) is a response to visual stimuli. Auditory evoked
response (AER) is a response to auditory stimuli. Somatosensory evoked response (SSER) is a response to
stimuli applied to the extremities.

72
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the
third and fourth lumbar vertebrae; performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal
fluid (also called spinal tap)

73
Q

amphasia

A

condition of without speaking (loss or impairment of the ability to speak)

74
Q

dysesthesia

A

painful sensation

75
Q

dysphasia

A

condition of difficulty speaking

76
Q

encephalopathy

A

disease of the brain

77
Q

gliocyte

A

glial cell

78
Q

hemiparesis

A

slight paralysis of half (right or left of the body)

79
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of half

80
Q

hyperesthesia

A

excessive sensitivity (to stimuli)

81
Q

interictal

A

occurring between seizures or attack

82
Q

intracerebral

A

pertaining to within the cerebrum

83
Q

monoparesis

A

slight paralysis of one limb

84
Q

myelomalcia

A

softening of the spinal cord

85
Q

neuroid

A

resembling a nerve

86
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation

87
Q

postictal

A

occurring after a seizure or attack

88
Q

preictal

A

occurring before a seizure or attack

89
Q

subdural

A

pertaining to below the dura mater

90
Q

afferent

A

conveying toward a center (for example, afferent nerves carry sensory impulses to the central nervous
system)

91
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

92
Q

dysarthria

A

inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

93
Q

syncope

A

fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

94
Q

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

A

presence of significant memory difficulty when adjusted for age-related norms. The patient usually has
little difficulty performing activities of daily living. This condition may be an early manifestation of
Alzheimer disease or other forms of dementia.

95
Q

pseudodementia

A

behavioral disorder resembling dementia but is not caused by brain tissue abnormalities. This can be
found in mental illness, such as major depression, and can be reversible with treatment.

96
Q

psychiatry

A

specialty of the mind

97
Q

psychogenic

A

originating in the mind

98
Q

psychosis

A

abnormal condition of the mind

99
Q

psychosomatic

A

pertaining to the mind and body (interrelations of)

100
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to
maintain body weight, intensive fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, and, in
females, amenorrhea

101
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by purging

102
Q

pica

A

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice. This condition may be a result of
an iron deficiency. When iron deficiency is the cause of pica the condition will disappear in 1 or 2
weeks when treated with iron therapy.

103
Q

somatoform disorders

A

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no know physical cause exists

Medical Terms (13 decks)

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