Ch.13 Shock Flashcards
__ is defined as inadequate cellular perfusion
Shock
The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels
Perfusion
Cells require oxygen, water, and glucose to carry out cellular processes to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. When the cells do not receive these requirements via the bloodstream, the cells cannot create energy and are categorized as_____. If cells are____, tissues and organs are also________.
hypoperfused
The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
Adenosine triphosphate
In the early stages of shock, the body will attempt to compensate by maintaining____ (a balance of all systems of the body); however, as shock progresses from tissues and organs to organ systems and the whole body, blood circulation slows and eventually ceases. This state of inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the cells of the body causes organs and then organ systems to fail. If not treated promptly, shock can be fatal
homeostasis
A balance of all systems of the body
Homeostasis
___is the circulation of blood to the tissues in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ needs. It includes delivery of oxygen and removal of toxic waste products.
Perfusion
The____ is a complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, in which blood circulates throughout to the body.
circulatory system
There are two circuits in the body: the____ between the heart and the body and the_____ between the heart and the lungs.
systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation
____circulation carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the body and back to the right atrium.
systemic
In the systemic circulation, as blood passes through the tissues and organs, it delivers oxygen and nutrients. Adequate perfusion is also important for the removal of waste products such as carbon dioxide, a by-product of energy production. The___ system carries these waste products for excretion or exhalation.
circulatory
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venues and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation
Pulmonary circulation
The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
Systemic circulation
Organs, tissues, and cells must have adequate oxygenation to survive. Each time you take a breath, the alveoli, which are microscopic, thin-walled air sacs, receive a supply of oxygen-rich air. Oxygen diffuses through the walls of the alveoli into the bloodstream and attaches to___, a protein that makes up red blood cells. The red blood cells then circulate the oxygen to the tissues where it can be offloaded.
hemoglobin
Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass rapidly across the thin walls of the alveoli by the process of____.____ is a passive process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. When the air reaches your alveoli, there is more oxygen in the air than in the bloodstream. Therefore, the oxygen molecules slip between the thin layers of the alveoli into the blood. Carbon dioxide does the same thing in the other direction. When blood is returned to the lungs from the tissues, there is more carbon dioxide in the blood than in the alveoli; thus, it diffuses into the alveoli, where it is exhaled.
diffusion
Whereas most oxygen is carried to the tissues while attached to hemoglobin, carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood back to the lungs in three ways: dissolved in the plasma, combined with water in the form of_____, or attached to hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide waste products released from cells can combine with water in the bloodstream to form___._____ concentrations become higher as more carbon dioxide is produced and blood moves back toward the lungs. Once it reaches the lungs, the____ breaks down again into carbon dioxide and water and the carbon dioxide is exhaled. In cases of poor perfusion (shock), the transportation of carbon dioxide out of the tissues becomes impaired, resulting in a dangerous buildup of waste products, which may damage cells and tissues.
bicarbonate
To protect vital organs from___, the body attempts to compensate by directing blood flow away from organs that are more tolerant of shock (such as the skin and intestines) to organs that cannot tolerate shock (such as the heart, brain, and lungs). If these tissues do not have adequate perfusion restored, they can die, resulting in permanent damage to the tissues and organ.
hypoperfusion
As described in Chapter 6, The Human Body, the cardiovascular system consists of three parts:___(FIGURE 13-1).
These three parts can be referred to as the perfusion triangle (FIGURE 13-2). When a patient is in shock, one or more of the three parts is not working properly.
a pump (the heart), a set of pipes (the blood vessels or arteries that act as the container), and the contents of the container (the blood)
Heart (pump function) meaning
Damage to the heart by disease or injury decreases the ability of the heart to properly function as a pump. Therefore, it cannot move enough blood through the body to support perfusion
Blood vessels (container function) meaning
If all the blood vessels dilate rapidly, the normal amount of blood volume is not enough to fill the system and provide adequate perfusion to the body
Blood (content function) meaning
If there is enough blood or plasma loss, the volume of fluid in the container is not enough to support the perfusion needs of the body
___is the vehicle for carrying oxygen and nutrients through the vessels to the capillary beds and tissue, where they are exchanged for waste products. For this process to happen, the vessels (container) must be intact. Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and a liquid called plasma. As discussed in Chapter 6, The Human Body, red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen to the cells and transporting carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs, where it is exhaled and removed from the body. Each component of blood has an important role in overall health: white blood cells help the body fight infection, platelets assist in forming blood clots, and plasma contains electrolytes and fluid, which are important for cells to function.
These components are all vital to maintain homeostasis. If, at any time, tissue is hypoperfused, the body will attempt to compensate by regulating the blood pressure, or the amount of blood delivered to any given part of the body, thereby preventing shock.
Blood
_____(pressure within the capillary bed) tends to force fluids through capillary walls, whereas interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (pressure around the capillary bed and between the cells) pushes fluid back into the cells.
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Remember, blood pressure is the pressure of blood within the vessels at any moment in time. The systolic pressure is the peak arterial pressure, or pressure generated when the heart contracts; the diastolic pressure is the pressure maintained within the arteries while the heart is at rest, or between beats.___ is the difference between the systolic and
diastolic pressures (Systolic - Diastolic =_____). It signifies the amount of force the heart generates with each
contraction.
Pulse pressure