Ch 7 Flashcards
In general, the younger the person, the __ his or her pulse and respiratory rates should be
Faster
Blood pressure values tend to ___ with age
Increase
From birth to 1 month of age, a person is called a
Neonate
From 1 month to 1 year of age, a person is identified as an
Infant
At birth, a neonate usually weighs between 6 and 8 pounds (3 to 3.5 kg). The head accounts for about__ of this weight.
During the first week, a neonate’s body weight decreases by 5% to 10%, due to fluid loss. By the second week, the neonate begins to gain weight. From there on, infants grow at a rate of about 1 ounce (30 g) per day, doubling their weight by 4 to 6 months and tripling it by the end of the first year.
25%
Because their heads account for 25% of their total body weight, neonates and infants often land ___ when they fall
Headfirst
Prior to north, fetal blood supply comes from the mother via the
Placenta
During the birthing process,___changes help the neonate make the transition from fetal circulation to independent circulation
hormones and pressure
The leading cause of death for the neonate and infant age group is
Congenital abnormalities (ie, birth defects)
is illustrated when neonates are caught off guard and startled, at which time they open their arms wide, spread their fingers, and appear to be grabbing for something.
The Moro reflex (commonly called the startle reflex)
An infant’s upper airway is quite different from that of an adult. The infant’s tongue is larger in proportion to the size of the oral cavity, and the airway is proportionally__ and narrower. As a result, airway obstruction is more common in infants than in older children and adults.
Shorter
Due to factors such as the proportionally oversized occiput, the increased flexibility of the trachea, and the infant’s limited or absent ability to reposition himself or herself, it is crucial that the EMT preserve the airway’s patency through proper positioning. ___the infant’s head and neck can easily produce an airway obstruction
Hyperextending or hyperflexing
Forceful ventilations and overinflation increase pressure in the lungs and can result in pressure-induced trauma, referred to as__.
The muscles that infants use to breathe are immature, and the number of alveoli in their lungs is relatively low.
barotrauma
The__ fontanelle normally closes by the third month. The__ fontanelle closes between 9 and 18 months. When present, the fontanelles can provide the EMT with valuable information about the child’s condition. For example, a depressed fontanelle may indicate dehydration, whereas a bulging fontanelle is often a sign that pressure inside the cranium has increased.
Posterior
Anterior
By __ months of age, infants can track objects with their eyes and recognize familiar faces.
2 months of age
At _ months, they can sit upright , and they begin to make cooing and babbling sounds.
6 months
By the time an infant is _ months of age, the infant can walk with minimal assistance and knows his or her name
12 months of age
While still in the womb, the neonates immune system is supported by the mothers __, delivered through placental blood flow. Infants continue to carry some of this immunity. This passive immunity is further strengthened by __ contained in breast milk
Antibodies
For most infants, the primary method used to communicate distress is
Crying
The pace at which infants develop relationships with their parents or caregivers varies greatly from one child to the next.
Bonding, the formation of a close, personal relationship, is generally fostered by a___, which results when the infant understands that his or her parents/caregivers will respond to his or her needs. Having this confidence that his or her parents will provide a “safety net” inspires the child to venture out and explore.
secure attachment
The___ is displayed when something touches the neonate’s cheek and he or she intuitively turns his or her head in the direction of the touch.
rooting reflex
The__ is illustrated when a breastfeeding mother strokes her baby’s lips with her nipple, prompting the child to latch on.
sucking reflex
At birth, the bones of the cranium are not yet fully developed or fused together. Instead, the gaps between these bones are connected by relatively flexible fibrous tissue. These areas, called__, allow the newborn’s head to change shape slightly as it passes through the narrow birth canal
fontanelles
By contrast,___ is the result of recurring rejection. Infants who acquire this form of attachment show little emotional response to their parents/caregivers and treat them as they would a stranger. These children may compensate by developing an isolated lifestyle wherein they avoid having to depend on the support and care of others.
anxious-avoidant attachment