Ch10(Liver) Ch11(Gallbladder) Ch12 (Pancreas) Flashcards by Tanja McHam

Hereditary disease that causes excessive production of thick mucus by endocrine glands

Cystic fibrosis

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Fluid accumulation causes by a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the abdomen; free-floating pancreatic enzymes are very dangerous to surrounding structures

pancreatic ascites

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Enlargement of the gallbladder caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal common bile duct from an external mass, such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head

Courvoiser’s Gallbladder

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Abnormal increase in WBC’s caused by infections

leukocytosis

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“Sterile abscess” collection of pancreatic enzymes that accumulate in the available space in the abdomen, usually in or near the pancreas

pancreatic pseudocyst

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Space or cavity that contains fluid but has no true endothelial lining membrane

pseudocyst

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Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the ingestion of carbohydrates

amylase

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Hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allow circulation glucose to enter tissue cells

insulin

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Pancreatic enzyme that is elevated during pancreatitis

serum amylase

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The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production and digestion of the pancreatic juice

exocrine

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The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production of the hormone insulin.

endocrine

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Serves as the posterior border to the body of the pancreas

superior mensentrc artery

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Lies in the C-loop of the duodenum; the gastroduodenal artery is the anteriolateral border, and the common bile duct is the posterlateral border

Head of pancreas

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Forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery

Common hepatic artery

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Lies posterior to the neck or body of the pancreas and anterior to uncinate process of the gland

Superior mesentric vein

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Small, curves tip of the pancreatic head that lies Posterior to the superior mesentric vein(SMV)

uncinate process

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Lies in the epigastrium anterior to the superior mesenteric artery(SMA), and vein (SMV), aorta, and inferior vena cava(IVC).

Body of pancreas

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Junction of the splenic vein and main portal vein; posterior border of the pancreas

portal-splenic conflunce

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Tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the left kidney

Tail of the pancreas

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Positive sign implies exquisite tenderness over the area of the gallbladder upon palpation

Murphy’s sign

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Stones in the bile duct

choledocholithiasis

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Small septum within the gallbladder, usually arising from the posterior wall

junctions fold

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Cystic growth on the common bile duct that may cause obstruction

Choledodochal cyst

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Inflammation of gallbladder; may be acute or chronic

cholecystitis

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Variant of adenomyomatosis, cholesterol polyps

cholesterolosis

Small polypoid projections from the gallbladder wall

adenomyomatosis

inflammation of the bile duct

cholangitis

Calcification of the gallbladder Wall

porcelain gallbladder

Gallbladder variant in which part of the fundus is bent back on itself

phrygain cap

Small part of the gallbladder that lies near the cystic duct where stone may collect

Hartman's pouch

Connect the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct

cystic duct

Small opening in the duodenum in which the pancreatic and common bile duct enter to release secretions

ampulla of vater

Extends from the point where the common hepatic duct meets the cystic duct; drains into the duodenum after it joins with the main pancreatic duct

common bile duct

Develops when normal venous channels become obstructed

collateral circulation

Pus-forming collection of fluid

pyogenic abscess

Affects hepatocytes and interferes with the liver function

diffuse hepatocellular disease

Most common form of neoplasm of the liver; primary sites are colon, breast, and lung

metastatic disease

Hypoechoic mass with as echogenic central core(abscess, metastases)

Bull's eye (target) lesion

Classification of the liver disease where the main problem is blocked bile excretion within the liver or biliary system

Obstructive disease

Blood urea nitrogen; laboratory measurement of the amount of nitrogenous waste and creatinine in the blood

BUN

Classification of liver disease where hepatocytes are the primary problem

hepatocellular disease

Enzyme of the liver

alkaline phosphatase

Aspartate aminotransferase/enzyme of the liver

AST

Alanine aminotransferase/enzyme of the liver

ALT

Yellow pigment in bile formed by the breakdown of RBC's; excreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

bilirubin

Enters the liver at the porta hepatis

Main portal vein

Extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm in a sagittal plane and contains the ligamentum teres

falciform ligament

Boundary between the right and left lobes of the liver; seen as hyperechoic line on the sagittal image extending from the portal vein to the neck of the gallbaldder

main lobar fissure

Lies in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium

Left Lobe

Area superior to the liver that is covered by peritoneum line of the transverse and sagittal image

Bare area

Separates left lobe from caudate lobe; shown as echogenic line of the transverse and sagittal images

Ligamentum Venosum

Smallest lobe of the liver situated on the posteriosuperior surface of the left lobe; the ligamentum venosum is the anterior border

caudate lobe

A congenital variant, _____, can sometimes be seen as an anterior projection of the liver and may extend inferiorly as far as the iliac crest

Riedal lobe

The liver is covered by a thin connective tissue layer called ____ capsule

Glisson's

Sugar may be absorbed from the blood in several forms, but only ____ can be used by cells through the body as a source of energy

glucose

The accompanying loss of oncotic pressure in the vascular system allows fluid to migrate into the interstitial space, resulting in ______ in dependent areas.

edema

Within the homogeneous parenchyma lie the thin walled _____, the brightly reflective ____, the ____ arteries, and the ___ duct.

hepatic veins, portal vein, hepatic , hepatic

List the 4 criteria assess when evaluation the liver parenchyma

size, configuration, contour, homogeneity

In focal sparing, the most common affected areas are anterior to the ____ or portal vein and the posterior portion of the ____ of liver

gallbladder, left lobe

List four of the eight sonographic finding for cirrhosis of the liver

fibrosis and nodular, enlarge liver and spleen, cauduate lobe to right lobe exceed .65

A(n) ______ is a benign, congenital tumor consisting of large, blood-filled cystic spaces.

hemanginoma

Bile is the principal medium for excretion of bilirubin

cholesterol

Sonographically, the common duct lies _____ and to the ____ right of the portal vein in the region of the porta hepatis and gastrohepatic ligament

anterior, right

The hepatic artery lies ____ and to the _____ of the portal vein

anterior, left

One a transverse scan, the common duct, hepatic, artery, and portal vein have been referred to as the _______ sign

Mickey Mouse

The normal wall thickness of the gallbladder wall is less than ____ mm

The job of the sonographer is to localize the level and cause of the obstruction. List the three primary areas where obstruction occurs:

intrapancreatic, suprapancreatic, portahepatic

The pancreatic gland appears sonograpghically ______ to slightly more ____ than the hepatic parenchyma.

isoechoic, hyperechoic

The major posterior vascular landmarks of the pancreas are the _____ and ____.

Aorta , inferior vena cava

The tortuous ____ is the superior border of the pancreas

splenic artery

The ____ crosses anterior to the uncinate process of the head of the gland and posterior to the neck and body

superior mensentric vein

The ____ receives tributaries form lobules at right angles and enters the medial second part of duodenum with common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater

duct of Wirsurg

The pancreas is both a digestive (____) and a hormonal (____) gland.

exocrine, endocrine

Failure of the pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to ____.

diabetes melitus

Exocrine function is performed by ____ of the pancreas

acini cell

There are specific enzymes of the pancreas that may become altered in pancreatic disease, namely ____ and ____.

amylase, lipase

____ controls the blood sugar level in the body

Glucose

An acute attack of pancreatitis is commonly related to ____ and ____.

alcoholism, biliary tract disease