Ch10(Liver) Ch11(Gallbladder) Ch12 (Pancreas) Flashcards
Hereditary disease that causes excessive production of thick mucus by endocrine glands
Cystic fibrosis
Fluid accumulation causes by a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the abdomen; free-floating pancreatic enzymes are very dangerous to surrounding structures
pancreatic ascites
Enlargement of the gallbladder caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal common bile duct from an external mass, such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head
Courvoiser’s Gallbladder
Abnormal increase in WBC’s caused by infections
leukocytosis
“Sterile abscess” collection of pancreatic enzymes that accumulate in the available space in the abdomen, usually in or near the pancreas
pancreatic pseudocyst
Space or cavity that contains fluid but has no true endothelial lining membrane
pseudocyst
Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the ingestion of carbohydrates
amylase
Hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allow circulation glucose to enter tissue cells
insulin
Pancreatic enzyme that is elevated during pancreatitis
serum amylase
The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production and digestion of the pancreatic juice
exocrine
The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production of the hormone insulin.
endocrine
Serves as the posterior border to the body of the pancreas
superior mensentrc artery
Lies in the C-loop of the duodenum; the gastroduodenal artery is the anteriolateral border, and the common bile duct is the posterlateral border
Head of pancreas
Forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery
Common hepatic artery
Lies posterior to the neck or body of the pancreas and anterior to uncinate process of the gland
Superior mesentric vein
Small, curves tip of the pancreatic head that lies Posterior to the superior mesentric vein(SMV)
uncinate process
Lies in the epigastrium anterior to the superior mesenteric artery(SMA), and vein (SMV), aorta, and inferior vena cava(IVC).
Body of pancreas
Junction of the splenic vein and main portal vein; posterior border of the pancreas
portal-splenic conflunce
Tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the left kidney
Tail of the pancreas
Positive sign implies exquisite tenderness over the area of the gallbladder upon palpation
Murphy’s sign
Stones in the bile duct
choledocholithiasis
Small septum within the gallbladder, usually arising from the posterior wall
junctions fold
Cystic growth on the common bile duct that may cause obstruction
Choledodochal cyst
Inflammation of gallbladder; may be acute or chronic
cholecystitis
Variant of adenomyomatosis, cholesterol polyps
cholesterolosis
Small polypoid projections from the gallbladder wall
adenomyomatosis
inflammation of the bile duct
cholangitis
Calcification of the gallbladder Wall
porcelain gallbladder
Gallbladder variant in which part of the fundus is bent back on itself
phrygain cap
Small part of the gallbladder that lies near the cystic duct where stone may collect
Hartman’s pouch
Connect the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct
cystic duct
Small opening in the duodenum in which the pancreatic and common bile duct enter to release secretions
ampulla of vater
Extends from the point where the common hepatic duct meets the cystic duct; drains into the duodenum after it joins with the main pancreatic duct
common bile duct
Develops when normal venous channels become obstructed
collateral circulation
Pus-forming collection of fluid
pyogenic abscess
Affects hepatocytes and interferes with the liver function
diffuse hepatocellular disease
Most common form of neoplasm of the liver; primary sites are colon, breast, and lung
metastatic disease
Hypoechoic mass with as echogenic central core(abscess, metastases)
Bull’s eye (target) lesion
Classification of the liver disease where the main problem is blocked bile excretion within the liver or biliary system
Obstructive disease
Blood urea nitrogen; laboratory measurement of the amount of nitrogenous waste and creatinine in the blood
BUN
Classification of liver disease where hepatocytes are the primary problem
hepatocellular disease
Enzyme of the liver
alkaline phosphatase
Aspartate aminotransferase/enzyme of the liver
AST
Alanine aminotransferase/enzyme of the liver
ALT
Yellow pigment in bile formed by the breakdown of RBC’s; excreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
bilirubin
Enters the liver at the porta hepatis
Main portal vein
Extends from the umbilicus to the diaphragm in a sagittal plane and contains the ligamentum teres
falciform ligament
Boundary between the right and left lobes of the liver; seen as hyperechoic line on the sagittal image extending from the portal vein to the neck of the gallbaldder
main lobar fissure
Lies in the epigastrium and left hypochondrium
Left Lobe
Area superior to the liver that is covered by peritoneum line of the transverse and sagittal image
Bare area
Separates left lobe from caudate lobe; shown as echogenic line of the transverse and sagittal images
Ligamentum Venosum
Smallest lobe of the liver situated on the posteriosuperior surface of the left lobe; the ligamentum venosum is the anterior border
caudate lobe
A congenital variant, _____, can sometimes be seen as an anterior projection of the liver and may extend inferiorly as far as the iliac crest
Riedal lobe
The liver is covered by a thin connective tissue layer called ____ capsule
Glisson’s
Sugar may be absorbed from the blood in several forms, but only ____ can be used by cells through the body as a source of energy
glucose
The accompanying loss of oncotic pressure in the vascular system allows fluid to migrate into the interstitial space, resulting in ______ in dependent areas.
edema
Within the homogeneous parenchyma lie the thin walled _____, the brightly reflective ____, the ____ arteries, and the ___ duct.
hepatic veins, portal vein, hepatic , hepatic
List the 4 criteria assess when evaluation the liver parenchyma
size, configuration, contour, homogeneity
In focal sparing, the most common affected areas are anterior to the ____ or portal vein and the posterior portion of the ____ of liver
gallbladder, left lobe
List four of the eight sonographic finding for cirrhosis of the liver
fibrosis and nodular, enlarge liver and spleen, cauduate lobe to right lobe exceed .65
A(n) ______ is a benign, congenital tumor consisting of large, blood-filled cystic spaces.
hemanginoma
Bile is the principal medium for excretion of bilirubin
cholesterol
Sonographically, the common duct lies _____ and to the ____ right of the portal vein in the region of the porta hepatis and gastrohepatic ligament
anterior, right
The hepatic artery lies ____ and to the _____ of the portal vein
anterior, left
One a transverse scan, the common duct, hepatic, artery, and portal vein have been referred to as the _______ sign
Mickey Mouse
The normal wall thickness of the gallbladder wall is less than ____ mm
3
The job of the sonographer is to localize the level and cause of the obstruction. List the three primary areas where obstruction occurs:
intrapancreatic, suprapancreatic, portahepatic
The pancreatic gland appears sonograpghically ______ to slightly more ____ than the hepatic parenchyma.
isoechoic, hyperechoic
The major posterior vascular landmarks of the pancreas are the _____ and ____.
Aorta , inferior vena cava
The tortuous ____ is the superior border of the pancreas
splenic artery
The ____ crosses anterior to the uncinate process of the head of the gland and posterior to the neck and body
superior mensentric vein
The ____ receives tributaries form lobules at right angles and enters the medial second part of duodenum with common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater
duct of Wirsurg
The pancreas is both a digestive (____) and a hormonal (____) gland.
exocrine, endocrine
Failure of the pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to ____.
diabetes melitus
Exocrine function is performed by ____ of the pancreas
acini cell
There are specific enzymes of the pancreas that may become altered in pancreatic disease, namely ____ and ____.
amylase, lipase
____ controls the blood sugar level in the body
Glucose
An acute attack of pancreatitis is commonly related to ____ and ____.
alcoholism, biliary tract disease
