Ch 9 Vascular Flashcards
vasa vasorum
Tiny arteries and veins that supply the wall of the blood vessels
tunica media
Middle layer of the vascular system; veins have thinner tunica media than arteries
tunica adventitia
Outer layer of the vascular system; contains the vasa vasorum
tunica intima
Inner layer if the vascular system
anastomosis
Communication between two blood vessels without any intervening capillary network
capillaries
Minute vessels that connect the arterial and venous system
common hepatic artery
Arises from the celiac truck to supply the liver
right renal artery
Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta, travels posterior to the inferior vena cava to supply the kidney
superior mesenteric artery
Arises inferior to the celiac axis to supply the proximal half the colon and the small intestine
arteries
Vascular structures that carry blood away from the heart
left hepatic artery
Small branch supplying the caudate and left lobes of the liver
common iliac arteries
The abdominal aorta bifurcates at he level of the umbilicus into these, which supply bold to the lower extremities
gastroduodenal artery
Branch of the common hepatic artery that supplies the stomach and duodenum
aorta
Largest arterial structure in the body; arises from the left ventricle to supply blood to the head, upper, and lower extremities, and abdominopelvic cavity
Inferior mesenteric artery
Arises from the anterior aortic wall at the level of the third or fourth lumbar vertebra to supply the left transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
left gastric artery
Arises form the celiac axis to supply the stomach and lower third of the esophagus
splenic artery
Arises from the celiac axis to supply the spleen, pancreas, stomach, and the greater omentum
right hepatic artery
Supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery
left renal artery
Arises from the posterolateral wall of the aorta directly into the hilus of the kidney
right gastric artery
Supplies the stomach
splenic vein
Drains the spleen; travel horizontally across abdomen (posterior to the pancreas) to join the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein
hepatic vein
Three large veins that drain the liver and empty into the inferior vena cava at the level of the diaphragm
portal vein
Formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein near the porta hepatis of the liver
right renal vein
Leaves the renal hilum to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava
inferior vena cava
Largest venous abdominal vessel that conveys blood from the body below the diaphragm to the right atrium of the heart
veins
Collapsible vascular structure that carry blood back to the heart
superior mesenteric vein
Drains the proximal half of the colon and small intestine, travels vertically (anterior to the inferior vena cava) to join the splenic vein to form the portal vein
left renal vein
Leaves the renal hilum travels anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric artery to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava
inferior mesenteric vein
Drains the left third of the colon and the upper colon and joins the splenic vein
cystic medial necrosis
Weakening of the arterial wall
aneurysm
Permanent localized dilatation of an artery, with an increase of 1.5 times its normal diameter
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Thrombosis of the hepatic veins
arteriosclerosis
Disease of the arterial vessels marked by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls
fusiform aneurysm
Circumferential enlargement of a vessel with tapering at both ends
TIPS
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
saccular aneurysm
Localized dilatation of the vessel
atherosclerosis
Condition in which the aortic wall become irregular from plaque formation
cavernous transformation of the portal vein
Periportal collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction
dissecting aneurysm
Tear in the intima or media of the abdominal aorta
arteriovenous fistula
Abnormal communication between an artery and a vein
portal venous hypertension
Most common results from intrinsic live disease; however, also result from obstruction of the portal vein, hepatic veins, inferior vena cava, or prolong congestive heart failure; may cause flow reversal to the liver, thrombosis of the portal system, or cavernous transformation of the portal vein
pseudoaneurysm
Pulsatile hematoma that results from leakage of blood into soft tissue abutting the punctured artery with fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall to heal
Marfan syndrome
Hereditary disorder of connective tissue, bones, muscles, ligaments, and skeletal structure
true aneurysm
Permanent dilation of an artery that forms when tensile strength of the arterial wall decreases.
resistive
Vessels that have little or reversed flow in diastole and supply organs that do not need a constant blood supply (external carotid artery and brachial arteries
hepatopetal
Flow toward the liver
non-resistive
Vessels that have high diastolic component and supply organ that need constant perfusion (internal carotid artery, hepatic artery, and renal artery
resistive index
Peak systole minus peak diastole divided by peak systole
spectral broadening
Increased turbulence is seen within the spectral tracing that indicates flow disturbance
hepatofugal
Flow away form the liver
Doppler sample volume
Sonographer selects the exact site to record Doppler signals and sets the sample volume(gate) at this site.
The root of the aorta arises from the ______ outflow tract in the heart
left ventricular
The _____ passes anterior to the third part of the duodenum and posterior to he neck of the pancreas, where it joins to the splenic vein to from the main portal vein.
superior mesenteric vein
The _____ supplies the gallbladder via the cystic artery and the liver.
right hepatic artery
The aorta continues to flow in the _____ cavity anterior and slightly ____ of the vertebral column.
retroperitoneal, left
The _____ flows from the kidney posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the aorta to enter the lateral wall of the inferior vena cava.
left renal vein
The diameter of the abdominal aorta measure approximately ___ cm, tapering to ___ cm after it proceeds inferiorly to the bifurcation into iliac arteries.
2 to 3, 1.0 to 1.5
The ____ truck is the first anterior branch of the aorta, arising 1 to 2 cm inferior to the diaphragm
celiac
The ____ is the second anterior branch, arising approximately 2 cm from the celiac truck.
superior mesenteric artery
Portal vein becomes ___ as they progress into the liver from the porta hepatis.
smaller
The _____ course from the aorta posterior to the inferior vena cava and anterior to the vertebral column in a posterior and slightly caudal direction to enter the hilum of the kidney.
right renal artery
The _______ course along the upper border of the head of the pancreas, behind the posterior layer of the peritoneal bursa, to the upper margin of the superior part of the duodenum, which forms the lower boundary of the epiploic foramen
gastroduodenal arty
Three arterial branches arise from the superior border of the aortic arch to supply the head, neck, and upper extremities, the ___, ____, and ____.
Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian arteries
The ____ is formed posterior to the pancreas by the union of the superior mesenteric vein and splenic veins at the level of L2.
portal vein
The _____ artery takes a somewhat tortuous course horizontally to the left as to forms the superior border of the pancreas.
splenic
The portion of the femoral artery posterior to the knee is the ____.
popliteal artery
The _____ originate in the liver and drain into the inferior vena cava at he level of the diaphragm.
hepatic vieins
A flow disturbance (increased velocity or obstruction of flow) may result from the formation of atheroma. AV fistula _____, or aneurysmal dilation.
pseudoaneurysm
Nonresistive vessel have a high ____ component and supply organs that that need constant perfusion, such as internal carotid artery, the hepatic artery, and the renal artery.
diastolic
List 5 section into which the aorta is divided
- root of the aorta 2. ascending or arch 3. Descending aorta 4. abdominal aorta 5.bifurcation of the aorta into iliac arteries
Describe the differences between arteries and veins
Arteries are hollow elastic tube that carry blood away from the heart. Enclosed in a sheath with veins and nerve Smaller arteries contain less elastic and more smooth muscle than larger arteries. Elasticity of large arteries maintain blood flow
Vein are hollow collapsible because of little elasticity and muscle within their walls Vein are larger than arteries and they move blood slower
List four branches of the aorta that supply other visceral organs and the mesentery
- celiac truck 2/3 superior and inferior mesenteric arteries 4 renal arteries
Describe the function of the circulatory system
Transport gases, nutrient materials, and other essential substance to the tissues and subsequently transport waste products from cells to appropriate site for excretion
List characteristics of a vein
Veins contain special values that prevent back flow. Numerous value are found in lower extremities because the flow has to work against gravity. Venous is also aid by muscle contraction, over flow from capillary beds, gravity, and suction from negative thoracic pressure.
Describe how blood is transported from the artery and returned by the veins
1 Blood carried away by the arteries 2 arteries divide into smaller branches called arterioles. 3 lead into capillaries where the exchange of blood and fluid tissue takes place 4 collects into small venules 5 small vessel into larger one that return blood back to the heart
Define capillaries and describe their function
to connect the arterial and venous system. The cells and tissue of the body receive their nutrients from fluid passing through the capillaries
_____ is a pattern of blood flow, typically seen in large arteries, in which most cells are moving at the same velocity across the entire diameter of the vessel. In other vessels the different velocities are the result of friction between the cells and arterial walls.
plug flow
Doppler only record accurate velocity patterns when the beam is _____ to the flow.
parallel
The flow pattern of the proximal abdominal aorta above the above the renal arteries shows a high _____ peak and a relatively low ______ component.
systolic, diastolic
The main renal artery has a(n) ____ impedance (non resistive) pattern with significant diastolic flow 30% to 50% of peak systole.
low
During refection, the vascular impedance _____, resulting in a decrease or even reversal of the diastolic flow.
increases
The portal vein shows a relatively ____ flow at low velocities, which may vary slightly with respiration.
continuous
Cavernous transformation of the portal vein demonstrates ______ collateral channels in patients with chronic portal vein obstruction.
periportal
With a recanalized ______ vein, the main portal vein and the left portal vein show normal flow, but the flow in the right portal vein is reversed.
umbilical
The most common cause of aneurysms are ____ and ____.
arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
The large aneurysm may rupture into the peritoneal cavity or retro peritoneum, causing _____ and a drop in _____.
intense back pain, hematocrit
The normal measurement for an adult abdominal aorta is less than 3 cm, measuring from ___ to walls.
outer, outer
Thrombus usually occurs along the ____ or ___ wall.
anterior, anterolateral
A(n) _____ is a pulsatile hematoma that results from the leakage of blood into the soft tissue abutting the punctured artery, with subsequent fibrous encapsulation and failure of the vessel wall defect to heal.
pseudoaneurysm
In patients with right ventricular failure, the inferior vena cava does not collapse with ____.
expiration
The most common origin of pulmonary emboli is venous thrombosis the ______ extremities.
lower
Describe the complications of inferior vena cava thrombosis.
Complete thrombosis of the inferior vena cava is life threatening. Patients present with leg edema, low back pain, pelvic pain, gastrointestinal complaints, renal and liver abnormalities.
