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Chapter 9 Vascular > Ch 14 Urinary > Flashcards

Ch 14 Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Carries blood into the glomerulus of the nephron

A

afferent arteriole

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2
Q

Site of filtration in the kidney; contain water, salts, glucose, urea, and amino acids

A

Bowman’s capsule

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3
Q

Outer parenchyma of the kidney that contains the renal corpuscle and proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron

A

cortex

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4
Q

Another term for the renal fascia; the kidney is covered by the renal capsule, perirenal fat, gerota’s fascia, and pararenal fat

A

Gerota’s fascia

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5
Q

hilusArea of the kidney where vessels, ureter, and lymphatics enter and exit

A

hilus

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6
Q

Receive urine from the renal pyramids; form the border of the renal sinus

A

minor calyces

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7
Q

receives urine form the minor calyces to convey to the renal pelvis

A

major calyces

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8
Q

Function unit of the kidney; includes a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule

A

nephron

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9
Q

Part of the nephron that consists of Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus

A

renal corpuscle

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10
Q

Area in the midportion of the kidney that collects urine before entering the ureter

A

renal pelvis

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11
Q

Space behind the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneum

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12
Q

Small, membranous canal that excretes urine from the urinary bladder

A

urethra

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13
Q

Small vessels found at the base of the renal pyramids; appear as echogenic structures

A

arcuate arteries

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14
Q

Laboratory measurement the amount of nitrogenous waste and creatinine in the blood

A

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

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15
Q

Part of the collecting system adjacent to the pyramid that collects urine and is connected to the major calyx

A

calyx

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16
Q

A product of metabolism; laboratory test that measures the ability of kidney to get rid of waste

A

creatinine

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17
Q

Small vessel that carries blood from the glomerulus of the nephron and conducts blood to the peritublar capillaries that surround the renal tubule

A

efferent arteriole

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18
Q

Network of capillaries that are part of the filtration process in the kidney

A

glomerulus

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19
Q

Maintenance of normal body physiology

A

homeostasis

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20
Q

Portion of a renal tubule lying between the proximal and distal convoluted portions; reabsorption of fluid, sodium, and chloride occurs here and in the proximal convoluted

A

loop of Henle

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21
Q

Inner portion of the renal parenchyma that contains the loop of Henle

A

medullar

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22
Q

Right posterior subhepatic space located anterior to the kidney and inferior to the liver where fluid may accumulate

A

Morison’s Pouch

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23
Q

One several conical masses of tissue that form the kidney medulla; each consist of the loops of Henle and the collecting tubules of the nephrons

A

renal pyramid

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24
Q

Area in the midportion of the kidney where the renal vessels and ureter enter and exit

A

renal hilum

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25
Q

Central area of the kidney that includes the calyes, renal pelvis, renal vessels, fat, nerves, and lymphatics

A

renal sinus

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26
Q

Laboratory tests that measure how much dissolved material is present in the urine

A

specific gravity

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27
Q

retroperitoneal structure that exit the kidney to carry urine to the urinary bladder

A

ureters

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28
Q

Large muscle

A

urinary bladder

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29
Q

Bands of cortical tissue that separate the renal pyramids; may mimic a renal mass on ultrasound

A

columns of Bertin

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30
Q

Normal variant that occurs on the left kidney as a bulge on the lateral border

A

dromedary hump

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31
Q

Located outside the normal position, most often in the pelvic cavity

A

ectopic kidney

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32
Q

Congenital malformation in which both kidneys are joined together by an isthmus, most commonly at the lower poles

A

horseshoe kidney

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33
Q

Dilation of the renal collecting system

A

hydronephrosis

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34
Q

Interruption in the normal development of the kidney resulting in absence of the kidney; may be unilateral or bilateral

A

renal agenesis

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35
Q

First layer adjacent to the kidney that forms a tough, fibrous covering

A

renal capsule

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36
Q

Stone within the urinary system

A

systemurolithiasis

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37
Q

The urinary system has two principal functions: excreting ____ and regulating the composition of ___.

A

waste, blood

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38
Q

The right kidney lies slightly _____ than the left because the large right lobe of the _____ pushes it ____.

A

lower, liver, inferiorly

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39
Q

The kidneys move with respiration; on deep inspiration, both kidneys move ____ approximately 1 inch.

A

downward

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40
Q

With in the hilus of the kidney are other ____ structures, a ureter, and the ____

A

vascular, lympatics

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41
Q

A fibrous capsule called the ______ surrounds the kidney.

A

true capsule

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42
Q

Outside of this fibrous capsule is a covering of ______

A

perinephric fat

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43
Q

The ______ fascia surrounds the perinephric fat and encloses the kidneys and adrenal glands

A

perinephric

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44
Q

The renal fascia, known as _____ fascia, surrounds the rue capsule and perinephric fat

A

Gerota’s

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45
Q

The medullary substance consists of a series of striated conical masses, called the renal _____

A

pyramids

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46
Q

A nephron consist of two main structures, a renal ____ and a renal ____

A

corpuscle, tubule

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47
Q

Nephrons ___ the blood and produce ____

A

filter, urine

48
Q

The renal corpuscle consist of a network of capillaries called the ____, which the surrounded by a cuplike structure known as ____

A

glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule

49
Q

Blood flows into the glomerulus through a small ____ arteriole and leave the glomerulus through ____ arteriole.

A

afferent, efferent

50
Q

There are three constrictions along the ureter’s course

A
  1. where the ureter leaves the renal pelvis
  2. kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim
  3. pierces the bladder wall
51
Q

The main renal artery is a lateral branch of the aorta and arises just inferior to the ____ artery.

A

superior mesenteric

52
Q

The renal vein drains into the _____ of the inferior vena cava

A

lateral wall

53
Q

The urinary system is located posterior to the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity in an area called the _____.

A

retroperitoneum

54
Q

The kidney adjust the amount of ____, ____, and nitrogenous wastes

A

water, carbon dioxide

55
Q

Both urea and uric acid are carried away from the liver into kidney by the ____ system

A

Vascular

56
Q

The presence of an acute infection cause ____, which is ______ in the urine; pyuria means there is ____ in the urine.

A

hematuria, red blood cells, pus

57
Q

The pH refers to the strength of the urine as a partly ____ or _____ solution

A

acidic, alkaline

58
Q

The _______ is the measurement of the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine.

A

specific gravity

59
Q

The specific gravity is especially ____ in cases of renal failure, glomerular nephritis, and pyelonephritis

A

low

60
Q

A decreased ____ occurs with acute hemorrhagic processes secondary to disease or blunt trauma.

A

hematocrit

61
Q

Impairment of renal function and increased protein catabolism result in BUN _____ that is relative to the degree of renal impairment and rate urea nitrogen excreted by the kidneys

A

elevation

62
Q

The renal parenchyma surrounds the fatty central renal sinus, which contains these five vessels structures.

A

calyces, infundibula, pelvis, vessesls, and lymphatics

63
Q

Dilation of the collecting system has also been noted in ____ patients, especially the right kidney

A

pregnant

64
Q

The _____ is the area form the renal sinus to the outer renal surface

A

parenchyma

65
Q

The _____ and _____ arteries and are best demonstrated as intense specular echoes in cross section or oblique section at the corticomedullary junction

A

arcuate arteries, inter lobar

66
Q

The ____ generally is echo producing, whereas the medullary pyramids are ____

A

cortex, hypo echoic

67
Q

The cortex and medullary pyramids are separated from each other by bands of cortical tissue, called ______ that extend inward to the renal sinus.

A

columns of Bertin

68
Q

The ______ lie posterior to the renal arteries and should be identified by their lack of pulsations and absence of Doppler flow

A

crura

69
Q

The _____ of the pyramid points toward the sinus, and the ____ lies adjacent to the renal cortex

A

apex, base

70
Q

The ________ is a cortical bulge that occurs on the lateral border of the kidney, typically more on the left side

A

dromedary hump

71
Q

An______ is a triangular, echogenic area in the upper pole of the renal parenchyma that can be seen during normal scanning

A

junctional parenchymal defect

72
Q

In a patient with a(n) ______, there is fusion of the kidneys during fetal development that almost invariably involves the _____ poles

A

Horses shoe kidney, lower

73
Q

A cystic mass presents sonographically with several characteristic features:

A

smooth, thin, well defined border, round or oval shape, sharp interface between the cyst and renal parenchyma, enechoic and increased posterior acoustic enhancement

74
Q

A cystlike enlargement of the lower end of the ureter is called a ______

A

ureterocele

75
Q

Sonographically, it is difficult to differentiate between a _______ cyst and a small adjacent cortical cyst.

A

septated

76
Q

The parapelvis cyst is found in the _____ but does not communicate with the renal collecting system

A

renal hilum

77
Q

Name 4 form of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

A

perinatal, neonatal, infantile, and juvenile

78
Q

Discuss the characteristics of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

A

Common genetic disease that occurs in both men and women severity of the disease depends upon the genotype. Most common PKD1 (short arm of 16th chromosome) PKD2 (long arm of the 4th chromosome)

79
Q

Usually a _____ renal contour is the first finding that a mass may be present requires further investigation

A

abnormal

80
Q

Define the characteristics of renal cell carcinoma

A

most common of all renal tumors (85% of all kidney tumors) Twice as common in males than females (6 and 7th decade in life) Patient may report hematuria, flank pain, and palpable mass increased in patients with Von Hippel-Lindau

81
Q

One of the most common benign renal tumors is called ____

A

adenoma

82
Q

An uncommon benign renal tumor composed mainly of fat cells and commonly found in the renal cortex is _____

A

angiomaylipoma

83
Q

A(n) ______ appears as a well-defined echogenic mass, found more often in females

A

lipoma

84
Q

Sonographic finding include one or more fluid spaces at the _____ junction that corresponds to the distribution of the renal pyramids.

A

corticomedullary

85
Q

Although the kidneys appear enlarged with a highly echogenic renal sinus, the intrarenal anatomy is preserved with uniform loss of renal tissue in patients with _______

A

renal atrophy

86
Q

The most common medical renal disease that produces acute renal failure is _______

A

acute tubular necrosis

87
Q

Chronic renal disease is loss of renal ____ as a result of disease, most commonly parenchymal disease.

A

function

88
Q

There are three primary types of chronic renal failure:

A

nephron, vascular, and interstitial abnormalities

89
Q

______ is when the dilated pyelocalyceal system appears as separation of the of the renal sinus echoes by fluid-filled areas that conform anatomically to the infundibula, calyces, and renal pelvis

A

hydronephrosis

90
Q

A localized hydroneprosis occurs as a result as a result of _____, calculi, ____, or the ___.

A

strictures, focal mass, duplex collecting system

91
Q

Hydronephrosis with a dilated ureter and bladder indicates obstruction of the _____ junction or of the ____.

A

uretervesical, urethra

92
Q

If hydronephrosis is suspected, the sonographer should evaluate the _____

A

bladder

93
Q

Name two condition that might mimic hydronephrosis

A

Grade 1 small separation of calyceal pattern known as splaying Grade 2 bear claw effect Grade 3 msssive dilation of renal pelvis

94
Q

Describe the sonographic findings in acute obstruction.

A

Resistive index of the intrarenal vessels may be greater than .70 24 to 48 hours -RI returns to normal NO ureteral jet will be present on the affected side or flow will decreased if partial obstruction.

95
Q

Ureteral jets are best visualized _____ imaging

A

Color Doppler

96
Q

When pus is found within the obstructed renal system, the condition is called _____.

A

pyonephrosis

97
Q

_______ is a diffuse foci of calcium deposits, which is usually located in the medulla and infrequently can also be seen in the renal cortex

A

Nephrocalcinosis

98
Q

A renal _____ occurs when part of the tissue undergoes necrosis after the cessation of the blood supply, usually as a result of artery occlusion

A

infarction

99
Q

The initial clinical sign of a kidney is extreme ____, typically followed by cramping on the side where the stone is located; nausea and vomiting may also occur

A

pain

100
Q

Renal stones have very _____ foci with posterior acoustic shadowing.

A

echcogenic

101
Q

If the stone cause obstruction, there will be ______ and depending on the location of the stone, the ureter may by dilated _____ to the level of obstruction.

A

hydronephrosis, superior

102
Q

________ entails herniation of all layers of the bladder wall and is located in the posterior angle of the trigone

A

Congenital diverticulum

103
Q

______ diverticula are herniations of only the two inner layers through the muscle layer

A

acquired

104
Q

_______ is usually secondary to another condition that causes stasis of urine in the bladder

A

cystitis

105
Q

The majority of bladder tumors in adult are _____ carcinoma

A

transitional cell

106
Q

The major problem encountered with renal transplantation is ______.

A

graft rejection

107
Q

Early after surgery, a baseline sonographic examination is performed to determine ____, _____, and _____.

A

renal size, calyceal pattern, extrarenal fluid collection

108
Q

Perirenal fluid collections, such as ____, ____, ____, or ____ can be diagnosed reliably and differentiated from acute rejection

A

hematoma, abscess, lymphocele, urinoma

109
Q

______ rejection occurs within hours of transplantation and is caused by vasculitis leading to thrombosis and usually the loss of the graft

A

hyperacute

110
Q

_____ rejection occurs with in days to months after transplant responses.

A

acute

111
Q

______ rejection causes include preformed antibodies, immune complexes, and cell-mediated responses.

A

immunologic

112
Q

__________ rejection can occur months after transplantation with gradual onset.

A

Chronic rejection

113
Q

When using ultrasound to help diagnose rejection care must be taken to visualize these 5 things

A

size and shape, appearance of the pyramids, cortex and parenchyma and presence of any surrounding fluid collections

114
Q

The incidence of acute tubular necrosis is usually higher in _____ transplants than in _____ transplant

A

cadaveric, donor-relative

115
Q

Early signs of obstruction are _____ or severe _____ in a patient with satisfactory renal volumes

A

anuria, oliguria

116
Q

Renal artery stenosis exhibits an _______

jet with distal turbulence

A

high-velocity

117
Q

_____ Doppler is not angle dependent and has a greater sensitivity to detect blood flow

A

Power

Chapter 9 Vascular (16 decks)

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