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Microbiology > Ch. Two > Flashcards

Ch. Two Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proteins

A
  • organis molecules that contain C, H, O, N, and S
  • essential in cell structure and function
  • enzymes are proteins that speed chemical reactions
  • amino acids (~20)
  • disruption of the secondary (helix or pleated sheets), tertiary (3D), and quaternary (2 or more 3D) structure is called denaturation
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2
Q

Peptide Bonds

A
  • between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis
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3
Q

Nucleic Acids

A
  • consist of nucelotides
  • nucleotides consist of a: pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen-containing (purine (A&G) or pyrimidine (T&C&U)) base
  • 2 kinds: DNA and RNA
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4
Q

ATP

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
    adenosine-P-P-P
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5
Q

Spiral Shape

A
  • vibrio ex. vibrio cholerae (causes cholera)
  • spirillum: have flagella
  • spirochete: have endoflagella or axial filaments, very flexible and coiled; ex. Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)
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6
Q

Baccillus

A
  • rod/staff
  • single baccillus: ex. Bacillus anthracis
  • diplobacilli
  • streptobacilli
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7
Q

Coccus

A
  • diplococci
  • streptococci: ex. Streptococcus pyogenes (causes strep throat)
  • staphylococcus: ex. Staphylococcus aureus (causes skin infections, TSS)
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8
Q

Coccobacillus

A
  • intermediate between baccillus and coccus
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9
Q

Pleomorphic

A
  • variable in size and shape

- can alter shape

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10
Q

Protein’s four level of organization

A
  1. primary: unique sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain
    - genetically determined and can have profound metabolic effects
  2. secondary: twisting or folding of chain
    - helix or pleated sheets
    - between hydrogen bonds
  3. tertiary: 3D
  4. quaternary: 2 or more polypeptide chains operating as a single functional unit
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11
Q

Glycocalyx (capsule)

A
  • secreted to cell surface
  • outside cell wall
  • made up of polysaccarides, polypeptides, or both
  • slimy/gelatinous
  • functions:
    increase disease-causing ability (streptococcus pneumoniae)
    evade phagocytosis
    attach to a host cell (Streptococcus mutans- causes tooth decay)
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12
Q

Flagella

A
  1. monotrichous
  2. amphitrichous: at both poles of cell
  3. lophotrichous: many coming from one pole
  4. peritrichous: distributed over entire cell

3 basic parts:

  • filament: flagellin
  • hook: protein
  • basal body: anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

motility: runs (1 direction for a long time) and interrupted ny random change in directions called tumbles

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13
Q

Axial Filament

A
  • found in spirochetes
  • corkscrew movement
  • endoflagella
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14
Q

Fimbria(e)

A
  • vary from few to several hundred
  • used for attachment
  • shorter, thinner, and straighter than flagella
    ex. Nisseris gonorrhoeae
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15
Q

Pili

A
  • 1-2 per cell
  • involved in motility and DNA transfer
    ex. Escherichia coli
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16
Q

Peptidoglycan (murein)

A
  • made up of proteins and glucose
    GLUCOSE:
  • monosaccarides: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic (NAM)
    PROTEINS:
  • polypeptides (number varies)
  • tetrapeptide (# is 4 amino acids attached to NAM backbone)
17
Q

Gram-positive Cell Wall

A
  • many layers of peptidoglycan
  • Teichoic acids: consists of alcohol (ribitol or glycerol) and phosphate
  • 2 types:
    lipoteichoic acid: spans PG layer and linked to plasma membrane
    wall teichoic acid: linked to PG layer
  • function: because of neg charge from phosphate they attract cations & antigen specificity which makes them identifiable
18
Q

Gram-negative Cell Wall

A
  • one or two layers of PG
  • outer membrane consists of:
  • phospholipid molecules: forms bilayer
  • Lipoprotein: acts as an anchor
  • porinprotein: form channels and permeability
  • Lipopolysaccharide: recognizes bacteria and consists of:
    Lipid A (endotoxin), and polysaccharide (antigen and distinguish species)
  • Periplasm
19
Q

Infection of Gram-negative

A
  • fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, miscarriage, and shock
20
Q

Atypical Cell Walla

A
  1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
    - mycolic acid: acid-fast walls
  2. Mycoplasma
    - no cell walls and smallest bacteria
    - have sterols which protect from rupturing
  3. Archaea
    - lack walls or false PG
21
Q

Damage to Cell Wall

A
  1. lysozyme are preset in mucous, saliva, tears and breast milk
    - action: destroy PG (glycan)
    - Gram-positive: cell wall destroyed called protoplast= death
    - gram-negative: some outer membrane remains called spheroplast= death
  2. antibiotic: penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in PG
    - by interfering with formation of the peptide cross-bridges of PG
    - more effective on gram-positive because of outer cell wall in gram-negative and have fewer peptide cross-bridges
22
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • peripheral proteins: function as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, “scaffold” for support, and mediators of changes in membrane shape
  • integral proteins: penetrate membrane completely and are called transmembrane proteins; have pore for substances to enter and exit
  • selective permeability: allow passage of some molecules
  • large molecules cannot pass, and small molecules can pass, ions can pass slowly, and substances that dissolve in lipids
23
Q

Movement of Materials Across Membrane

A
  • simple diffusion: movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  • facilitated diffusion: solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
  • osmosis: movement of water across selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration
24
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • substance inside the plasma membrane
  • in prokaryotes, nuceloid, and particles called ribosomes
  • no cytoskeleton
25
Q

The Nucleoid

A
  • contains bacterial chromosome
  • thread of double-stranded DNA
  • not surrounded by nuclear envelope and no histones
26
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • same as eukaryotes except smaller

- 70 S vs 80S

27
Q

Endospores

A
  • are resting cells
  • become active when nutrient or water is unavailable (survive extreme heat, lack of water and exposure to toxins)
  • gram-positive: Bacillusanthracis
  • gram-positive: Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens (causes gangrene), Clostridium botiulinum, Clostridium difficile (causes colitis)
  • gram-negative: Coxielia burnetti (Q fever)

Microbiology (14 decks)

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