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Zoology class 11 NEET > CH EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION > Flashcards

CH EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different kinds of nephron

A
  1. Cortical Nephron
  2. Juxtamedullary nephron
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2
Q

Nephrons are also k/a

A

Uriniferous tubule

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3
Q

What are the different major Nitrogenous waste

A
  1. Ammonia
  2. Urea
  3. Uric acid
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4
Q

What are the different minor Nitrogenous waste

A
  1. Guanine
  2. TMAO
  3. Hippuric acid
  4. Ornithuric acid
  5. Creatinine
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5
Q

TMAO stands for

A

Trimethyl Amine oxide

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6
Q

What are the different types of kidneys on the basis of advancement

A
  1. Pronephric
  2. Mesonephric
  3. Metanephric
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7
Q

Guanine is released by

A

Spiders and Penguins

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8
Q

Kidney plays no role in which process

A

Ammonotelism

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9
Q

Urea Cycle is also called

A

Krebs-Henseleit cycle / Ornithine cycle

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10
Q

How many ATP are utilised in Urea Cycle

A

3 ATP - 2 ATP in mitochondria, 1 ATP in Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Which is the most toxic and least toxic nitrogenous waste

A

Ammonia is the most toxic
Uric acid is the least toxic

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12
Q

What is ammonotelism, Uricotelism and Ureotelism

A

1.The process of excretion of Ammonia is known as Ammonotelism
2. The process of release of Uric Acid is k/a Uricotelism
3. The process of release of Urea k/a Ureotelism

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13
Q

Kidneys do not play a significant role in the removal of

A

Ammonia

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14
Q

Bony Fishes are also k/a

A

Teleosts

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15
Q

Urea is ________ times less toxic than ________

A

Urea is 100000 times less toxic than Ammonia

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16
Q

Uric acid is formed by _______ in our body

A

Nucleic acid

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17
Q

Name the Uricotelic Organism

A

Reptiles, Birds, land snails and insects

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18
Q

What is the colour of kidneys

A

Reddish brown

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19
Q

The kidney is situated between which vertebra

A

They are situated b/w 12th Thoracic Vertebra and 3rd Lumbar Vertebra

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20
Q

pronephric kidneys are present in

A

fishes

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20
Q

what kind of kidney is present in Amphibians

A

Mesonephric

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21
Q

What are the three protective layers of the kidney - order from innermost to outermost

A
  1. Renal Capsule - innermost
  2. Adipose Capsule
  3. Renal Fascia - outermost
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22
Q

The peritoneal cover is only present on the _____side. This arrangement is called ________

A

It is only present on the ventral side. This arrangement is called as Retroperitoneal arrangement

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23
Q

What is the length of ureters

A

25-30 cm in length

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24
Q

The body of the urinary bladder has a triangular area k/a

A

Trigone

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25
Q

What are the steps to urine formation

A

There are 3 main processes to urine formation - Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion

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26
Q

Excretory organ in Crustaceans like Prawns

A

Antennal gland or green gland

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27
Q

The excretory organ in most insects like cockroach

A

Malphigian tubule

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28
Q

Excretion of uric acid requires _______ loss of water

A

Minimal

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29
Q

Which excretory organ is a characteristics feature of only mammals

A

Urethra

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30
Q

The U shaped blood Vessel running parallel to Henles Loop is

A

Vasa Recta

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31
Q

What are the parts of nephron situated in the cortical region of kidney

A

Malpighian Corpuscle, PCT and DCT

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32
Q

What are the different constituents of Filtration Membrane

A
  1. Fenestra of Glomerulus
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podocytes of Visceral Layer
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33
Q

Bony Fishes are ______ animals

A

Ammonotelic

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34
Q

Marine cartilagenous fishes are also k/a

A

Elasmobranchs

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35
Q

Where does deamination and urea synthesis takes place

A

In the liver, as other parts of the body are only supplied with amount of nutrients that are required

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36
Q

What is the formula of Urea

A

H2NCONH2

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37
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for production of urea

A

Arginase enzyme

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38
Q

TMAO is released by

A

Marine Cartilagenous Fish also k/a Elasmobranchs

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39
Q

Renal Corpuscles are also k/a
and they comprise of

A

Renal Corpuscles are also k/a Malpighian Body and they comprise of Bowman Capsule and Glomerulus

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40
Q

Renal Tubules comprise of

A

PCT, Loop of henle and DCT

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41
Q

What is Hilum

A

It is the point or notch through which ureters, blood vessels and nerves enter the Kidney

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42
Q

Which part of the nephron is situated in the medulla and which is in cortex

A

Loop of Henle in the Medulla region.
Malpighian body, PCT and DCT are situated in the cortex

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43
Q

What is Renal Fascia made up of

A

It is a fibrous cover

44
Q

What is adipose Capsule made up of
and what is its function

A

It is made up of Adipose tissue and acts as a shock absorber

45
Q

What is Renal Capsule made up of

A

It is made up of White fibrous connective tissue

46
Q

The kidney are fused with the body wall on ______ side

A

Dorsal

47
Q

What are the two zones of Kidney

A

Outer Cortex and inner medulla

48
Q

The renal pelvis is lined by

A

Transitional Epithelium

49
Q

Transitional Epithelium is also k/a

A

Urothelium

50
Q

The wall of ureters has __ coats. they are

A

The wall of ureters has 3 coats they are external adventitia, middle muscular and inner mucosa

51
Q

The urethra in males is k/a

A

Urinogenital Duct

52
Q

The muscles present in the middle muscular coat of urinary bladder are k/a

A

Detrusor Muscles

53
Q

The branch of renal artery entering the glomerulus is k/a

A

Afferent arterioles

54
Q

What are columns of Bertini

A

The cortex extends between the medullary pyramid as renal column and are k/a column of Bertini

55
Q

How many nephrons are present in each kidney

A

There are 1 million nephrons in one kidney. Thus 2 million in both the kidney

56
Q

What is the main function of cortical nephron

A

Urine Synthesis

57
Q

What is the main function of Juxtamedullary nephron

A

It helps in Osmoregulation

58
Q

PCT is lined by

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with microvilli

59
Q

The process of filteration of blood is carried out by

A

Glomerulus

60
Q

How much blood is filtered by the kidney per minute

A

1100-1200 ml of blood i.e. 1/5th or 20% of the blood pumped out by each ventricle is pumped out by the kidney per minute

61
Q

What are the different ways in which glomerular filtration is regulated

A
  1. Myogenic Regulation
  2. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
  3. Neural Control
62
Q

What is Glomerular Filteration rate

A

The volume of plasma that gets filtered from the glomerulus into the Bowmans Capsule per minute is k/a GFR = 125 ml per min

63
Q

What are the different pressures exerted during glomerular Filtration

A
  1. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
  2. Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
  3. Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure
64
Q

What is the net pressure During Filtration

A

GHP - BCOP - CHP = 60-30-20 = 10
The Range is from 10-25 mm Hg

65
Q

_____ percent of filtrate is reabsorbed by Renal Tubules

A

99%

66
Q

What is the osmolarity at the bottom of the Loop of Henle

A

1200 mOsm/L

67
Q

The magnitude of osmolarity in the cortex of the kidney is

A

300 mOsm/L

68
Q

What is reabsorbed and secreted in the PCT

A

NaCl, H2O, K+, HCO3- and Nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood
and H+ and NH3 are secreted by the blood into PCT

69
Q

In which organisms Tubular Secretion Occurs

A

Tubular Secretion occurs in amphibians as they lack well developed Bowmans Capsule

70
Q

Reabsorption is minimum in _____

A

Ascending Loop of Henle

71
Q

Which is the major site of reabsorption in nephron

A

PCT

72
Q

The capability of concentrating the urine is largely related to

A

length of Loop of Henle

73
Q

Urine is ____ times more concentrated than blood

A

4 times

73
Q

_____ is/ are responsible to maintain the osmolarity

A

NaCl and Urea

74
Q

The Juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of

A

JG cells present in the AA and Macula Densa present in the DCT

75
Q

DCT performs conditional reabsorption of

A

H2O, Na+, HCO3-

76
Q

Counter current mechanism works between

A

Loop of Henle and Vasa Recta

77
Q

ADH stands for _______. It is also k/a

A

ADH stands for anti diuretic Hormone, also k/a Vasopressin

78
Q

_____ secrets ADH and it is release by

A

Hypothalamus secretes Vasopressin and it is released by posterior lobe of pituitary gland

79
Q

The JG cells Secrete

A

Renin

80
Q

ACE stands for

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

81
Q

What is Dieuresis

A

Excessive water loss from Urine

82
Q

RAAS stands for

A

Renin Angiotensin aldestrone system

83
Q

________ opposes the functioning of RAAS

A

ANF - Atrial Natriuretic Factor

84
Q

Diabetes Insipidus is caused by __

A

Undersecretion of ADH

85
Q

Excessive thirst is k/a

A

Polydipsia

86
Q

Excessive Diuresis is k/a

A

Polyurea

87
Q

Glucose in urine

A

Glycosuria or Glucosuria

88
Q

Excessive Ketone bodies in Urine

A

Ketonuria

89
Q

_____ pigment provides color to Urine

A

Urochrome

90
Q

What is Micturition

A

The process of release of urine is called Micturition

91
Q

The neural mechanism causing Micturitio is called

A

Micturition reflex

92
Q

What is the pH of urine

A

Urine is slightly acidic in pH - 6.0

93
Q

Sweat is released by which gland

A

Sudorific Gland

94
Q

What is the metabolic waste of lungs

A

Lungs release CO2 and significant amounts of H2O everyday

95
Q

What is Uremia

A

The accumulation of urea in blood is k/a Uremia

96
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis? It is also k/a

A

Inflammation of glomerulus and nephrons is k/a Glomerulonephritis. It is also k/a Bright’s disease

97
Q

What are the contents of Sweat

A

Sweat contains NaCl, small amount of Urea, Lactic Acid, glucose and Amino acid

98
Q

What is eliminated by the sabaceous gland

A

Sabaceous glands help in elimination of substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum

99
Q

Liver is the site of elimination of

A

Cholestrol, bile pigments, degraded steroid hormone, some vitamins and many drugs

100
Q

What are the indicative of Diabetes mellitus

A

Glycosuria i.e. presence of glucose in urine and Ketonuria i.e. presence of ketone bodies in urine are indicative of diabetes mellitus

101
Q

What are Diuretics? Give a few examples

A

Diuretics are medication or compound that increase the amount of water expelled from the body in the form of urine. Tea, coffee and alcohol are natural diuretics

102
Q

In which conditions JG cells activate

A

JG cells activate when there is low blood volume, Low Blood Pressure, Low Glomerular Filtration rate

103
Q

Angiotensin II sends signal to

A

Angiotensin II
1. Sends signal to efferent arterioles for Constricton
2. Signal to PCT for Water and Na+ absorption
3. Sends signal to Adrenal Cortex which releases Aldosterone that signals to DCT for absorption of Na+, that leads to water absorption

104
Q

Angiotensinogen is secreted by

A

Liver

105
Q

ANF is secreted by

A

Atria of the heart

106
Q

how many gm of Urea does our Urine contain

A

1to 1.5 L of Urine contains 25-39 gm of Urea

Zoology class 11 NEET (14 decks)

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