Ch. 9 Thinking and Language Flashcards
cognition
all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
metacognition
cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes
concept
mental grouping of similar objects, ideas, or people
prototype
mental image or best example of a category
algorithm
methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristic
simple thinking strategy - mental shortcut - that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
insight
sudden realization of a problem’s solutions
confirmation bias
tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
fixation
in cognition, inability to see a problem from a new perspective
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
intuition
effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasonign
representativeness heuristic
judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
availability heuristic
judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
overconfidence
tendency to be more confident than correct - overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements
belief perserverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
framing
way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements
nudge
framing choices in a way that encourages people to make beneficial decisions
creativity
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
convergent thinking
narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
phoneme
in a language, smallest distinctive sound unit
morpheme
in a language, smallest unit that carries meaning
grammer
system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
babbling stage
stage in speech development, beginning around 4 months, during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language
one-word stage
stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which child speaks mostly in single words
two-word stage
beginning at about 2, during which a child speaks mostly in 2 word sentences
aphasia
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca’s area or to Wernicke’s area
Broca’s area
frontal lobe of brain area, usually in left hemisphere, helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke’s area
brain area, usually in left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension and expression
linguistic determinism
Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think
linguistic relativism
idea that language influences the way we think