Ch. 2 Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

brains ability to change by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

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2
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell; basic building block of nervous system

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3
Q

Cell body

A

contains the nucleus

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4
Q

dendrites

A

neurons branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body

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5
Q

axon

A

segmented neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or muscles/glands

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6
Q

glial cells

A

cells in nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory

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7
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse; brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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8
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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9
Q

refractory period

A

brief resting pause that occurs after neuron has fired

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10
Q

all-or-none response

A

neurons reaction of either firing or not firing

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11
Q

synapse

A

junction between the axon tip of sending neuron

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12
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap between neurons

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13
Q

reputake

A

neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by sending neuron

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14
Q

agonist

A

molecule that increases neurotransmitters action

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15
Q

antagonist

A

molecule that inhibits/blocks a neurotransmitters action

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16
Q

nervous system

A

consists of all three nerve cells of peripheral and central nervous system

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17
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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19
Q

nerves

A

bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sensory organs

20
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming info from the body’s tissue and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

21
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

22
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord

23
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

division of peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

24
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

25
parasympathetic nervous system
division of autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving energy
26
endocrine system
body's slow chemical communication system
27
hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
28
adrenal glands
pair of endocrine glands that sits above kidneys and secretes hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
29
pituitary gland
most influential gland, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
30
brainstem
oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions
31
medulla
base of brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing
32
thalamus
brains sensory control center, directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
33
reticular formation
nerve network that travels through brainstem into the thalamus, filters info and plays a role in arousal
34
cerebellum
"little brain" at rear of brainstem, processes sensory input, coordinates movement, output and balance, enables nonverbal learning and memory
35
limbis system
neural system located below cerebral hemispheres, associated with emotions and drives
36
amygdala
two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in limbic system, linked to emotion
37
hypothalamus
neural structure in limbic system below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland, linked to emotion and reward
38
frontal lobes
portion of cerebral cortex, involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
39
parietal lobes
portion of cerebral cortex, receives sensory input for touch and body positions
40
occipital lobes
portion of cerebral cortex, includes areas that receive info from visual fields
41
temporal lobes
portion of cerebral cortex, includes auditory areas, each receiving info from opposite ear
42
motor cortex
portion of cerebral cortex, controls voluntary movement
43
somatosensory cortex
portion of cerebral cortex, registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
44
neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
45
corpus callosum
large band of neural fibers connecting two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
46
split brain
condition resulting from surgery that separates brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them