Ch. 8 Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

process of getting information into the memory system

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

process of getting information out of the memory storage

Question 8

sensory memory

Answer 8

immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 9

short-term memory

Answer 9

briefly activated memory of few items later forgotten

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 12

explicit memory

Answer 12

retention of facts and experiences we can consciously know or declare

Question 13

effortful processing

Answer 13

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 14

automatic processing

Answer 14

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and of familiar or well-learned information such as sounds, smells

Question 15

implicit memory

Answer 15

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious collection

Question 16

iconic memory

Answer 16

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Question 17

echoic memory

Answer 17

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 18

chunking

Answer 18

organizing new items into familiar, manageable units, occurs automatically

Question 19

mnemonics

Answer 19

memory aids, use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 20

spacing effect

Answer 20

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study/practice

Question 21

testing effect

Answer 21

enhanced memory after retrieving , rather than simply rereading information

Question 22

shallow processing

Answer 22

encoding on a basic level

Question 23

deep processing

Answer 23

encoding semantically

Question 24

semantic memory

Answer 24

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

Question 25

episodic memory

Answer 25

explicit memory of personally experienced events

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

neural center located in limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 27

memory consolidation

Answer 27

neural storage of a long-term memory

Question 28

long-term potentiation

Answer 28

increase in nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

Question 29

priming

Answer 29

activation, of particular associations in memory

Question 30

encoding specificity principle

Answer 30

idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Question 31

mood-congruent memory

Answer 31

tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good/bad mood

Question 32

serial position effect

Answer 32

tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 33

anterograde amnesia

Answer 33

inability to form new memories

Question 34

retrograde amnesia

Answer 34

inability to remember information from one’s past

Question 35

proactive interference

Answer 35

forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 36

retroactive interference

Answer 36

backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Question 37

reconsolidation

Answer 37

process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Question 38

misinformation effect

Answer 38

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Question 39

source amnesia

Answer 39

faulty memory for how, when or where information was learned or imagined

Question 40

deja vu

Answer 40

cues from current situation unconsciously trigger retrieval of earlier experiences