Ch 9 Flashcards
a new way of thinking about oneself that emerges in adolescence
identity
What believed that identity can be viewed as a structure of beliefs, abilities, and past experiences regarding the self
James Marcia
Marcia defined Eriksons work and said what
- a sexual orientation
- a set of values and ideals
- a vocational direction
What is Marcias four difference identity statuses
- diffusion
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- acheivment
confusion and little progress
diffusion
status determined by adults not by personal exploration
foreclosure
exploring alternatives but not yet found one that is satisfactory
moratorium
has deliberately chosen identity
achievement
developing a feeling of belonging and learning the customs and culture of ones ethnic group
ethnic identity
What are the ethnic identity phases
- have not examined their ethnic roots
- beginning to explore the personal impact of their ethnic heritage
- development of a distinct ethnic self-identity
What may lesson as each generation becomes more acculturated
identification with ethnic culture
Who may have more challenges
adolescents from parents who come from mixed cultures racial or ethnic groups may have more challenges
What are the influences on adolescents self esteem
- parental discipline
- school experiences
What are parents factors that increase self esteem
- parents who set rules but are willing to discuss
What are school factors that are correlated with higher self esteem
- avoidance of discipline problems
- working hard
- getting along with peers
What insinuate that adolescence is a time of storm and stress
- movies and books
research actually finds that most adolescents do what
- admire and love their parents
- rely on parents advice
- embrace many of their parents values
- feel loved by their parents
about how many 15 year olds and how many 18 year olds had romantic relationships in the past one and a half years
- 50% 15 year olds
-70% 18 year olds
What may relationships provide
companionship and sexual exploration or support
What is associated with problems in adolescents
early dating with many partners
What may be related to less satisfying romantic relationships in adulthood
early dating
What does the first step toward romantic relationships consist of
activities involving mixed groups of boys and girls
What is the second step toward romantic relationships
several pairs of boys and several girls go out together as a group
What are the stages of relationships
first initially involve companionship and later trust and support
Do cultural factors affect dating patterns
yes
When are adolescents less likely to engage in sex
when they have close relationships with parents who discourage sex and monitor their activities
When are adolescents more likely to have sex
when their peers approve and they believe their friends are having sex
Most adolescents have experienced se by what age but with only one partnes
19
boys are more likely to describe their first partner as what
a casual date
girls report what for their first partner
stronger feelings of love
Boys have what types of feelings for their first experiences
positive
How are girls likely to experience what types of feelings after their first experience
feelings of guilt and fear
Why do girls usually have guilt and shame after their first time
society
How much do young adults account for of all aids cases in the US
15%
When do people most likely attract aids
in their adolescents
teenagers and young adults are more likely to engage in what
unprotected sex and intravenous drugs
roughly how many US teenage girls become pregnant
1 in 11
What are the factors that contribute to not using contraceptives
- ignorance- lack of information about conception
- illusion of invulnerability
- lack of motivation- becoming pregnant may seem attractive for some teenagers
- lack of access- not knowing where or how to obtain contraceptives
About how many teens go through a period of emotional and sexual attraction to same sex friends
15%
around how many teens identify themselves as gay or lesbian
5%
Do sons become gay when raised by a domineering mother and a weak father
no
Do girls become lesbians when their father is their primary role model
no
Do children raised by gay or lesbian parents adopt their parents’ orientation
no
Are gay and lesbian adults seduced by an older person of their sex
no
It is possible that hormones affect temperament which may in turn affect what
behavior and feelings of being different
When did the official criteria manual for mental disorder drop homosexuality as abnormal
1973
Does the attraction of same sex develop first in males or females
males
In females when does same sex attraction usually take place
late adolescence or middle or old age
Lesbians often develop what first and later what
first strong feelings for a specific woman and later for other women
females being forced to have sex with someone they know
date rape or acquaintance rape
What are the factors of date rape
- alcohol impaired judgement
- wrong signals
- the fact that the couples have had sex before
What are the factors related to boys committing acts of violence
- abused as children or witnessed domestic violence
- belief that violence is a normal part of romantic relationships
What are the guidelines for sex communication
- know your sexual policies
- communicate openly and clearly
- avoid being alone with a person until you have discussed these policies
- avoid use of alcohol and drugs when alone with someone whom you do not want to be intimate
- make you objectives known
