Ch 5 Flashcards
What are Erikson’s Stages of Early Psychosocial Development?
Basic Trust vs Mistrust
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Initiative vs Guilt
What is the Basic Trust vs Mistrust in infancy
infants are dependent on caregivers to meet their needs and provide comfort
the responsiveness and consistency with which caregivers meet these needs helps to develop a basic sense of trust and openness in the child
if these needs are not met, the child develops wariness and a lack of comfort
What is the autonomy vs shame and doubt?
children develop a sense if control over their own actions
if autonomy is not achieved, children are shameful and doubt their own capabilities
What is the initiative vs guilt?
children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves
play becomes purposeful and includes playing the roles of mother, father, teacher, or athlete
with proper encouragement and balance, initiative and cooperation are developed
What views many human behaviors as successful adaptations to the environment
Evolutionary Psychology
security in the presence of another, along with need for physical closeness
attachment
What is Bowlby notice about attachment?
children who form attachments to an adult are more likely to survive
Who are attachments usually formed with?
The mother but may be any responsive and caring person
What are the steps toward attachment and when are they?
preattachment stage (birth - 6-8 weeks)
attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-8 months)
true attachment (6-8 months to 18 months)
reciprocal relationships (18 months on)
When do babies realize and have stranger awareness
7-8 months
kids understand they need to be nice to the other too “give and take”
reciprocal relationships
What are the father-infant relationships like?
attachment tends to follow that of the mothers
they tend to spend more time playing with children than taking care of them
they play with children differently than mothers (more rough and tumble)
children tend to seek out the father for a playmate, mothers are preferred more for comfort
What was the strange situation experiment?
Ainsworth introduced children and others to a room from which the mother left. Upon her return, the nature of the child’s reaction was studied.
on the mothers return the child is comforted, crying stops, and the child begins to explore again (normal response)
Secure attachment
on the mother’s return the child ignores or turns away, strong willed baby, inconsistent parenting
avoidant attachment
the baby is upset and remains upset when mother returns and is difficult to console, not healthy attachment, anxiety baby, inconsistent parenting
resistant attachment
the child seems confused and is unsure of reaction, neglected baby, no rhyme or reason to their reaction, not healthy attachment
disorganized attachment
children with secure attachments are more confident and successful with peers
securely attached children have fewer conflicts with friendships and peers
the conclusion is that children use early attachments ad prototypes for later relationships and interactions
consequences of attachment
NICHD research suggested what
no relationship between quality of the daycare and mother-child attachment
no relationship between length of stays or changes in daycare and parent attachment
quality of attachment was found to be more related to the sensitivity of the mother to the child’s needs and care
What are the characteristics of a high quality daycare
low ratio of children to caregivers
well-trained and experienced staff
low staff turnover
ample educational and social stimulation
good communication between parents and daycare workers
what indicate emotional state
facial expressions
infants all over the world express emotions similarly
biological programming
When do infants facial expressions change in reaction to events
5-6 months
What suggest facial expressions have similar meaning
close resemblance between adult and infant smiles
What are the emotion development of a child and when does it happen?
social smiles (2-3 months)
babies emotions change predictably in response to events (5-6 months)
Complex emotions (18-24 months)
emotional regulation (after a year)
process by which emotional arousal is controlled to facilitate adaptive functioning
emotional regulation
many emotions are expressed similarly around the world
cultural differences in emotional expression
Who are encouraged to show emotional restraint
Asian children
Did the Chinese or European baby of 11 months cry and smile more
European
playing alongside each other without much regulation, around 1 year
parallel play
When do children do similar activities and smile at each other in simple social play
15-18 months
When do children engage in cooperative play and play roles and interact with each other
2 years
What are the gender differences in play
between 2-3 children prefer to play with peers of their own gender
children resist playing with members of the opposite sex
children prefer like-sexed playmates for all types of activities
being able to take the perspective of others, more likely when a child reaches school age, a child who does this is more likely to help
empathy
How might parents foster altruism?
modeling
disciplinary practices that include reasoning, warmth, and feedback
providing opportunities to behave prosocially
When do kids believe that boys are strong and dominant and girls are emotional and gentle
5 years old
When do children achieve more flexibility in their beliefs about gender stereotypes
After preschool
Who have larger vocabularies and read, write, and spell better and have fewer language problems
girls
Who perform better on math achievement tests
boys
who get better grades in math courses
girls
Who are more accurate and rapid in visual-spatial tasks
boys
Who tend to be more compliant with the directions of adults and are more likely to be influenced by others
girls
who are more physically aggressive in situations in which they are provoked
boys
Who are higher in relational aggression or hurting others by damaging their relationships with peers
girls
Who are better able to express and interpret emotions
girls
parents tend to be equally warm and encouraging to boys and girls
parents tend to encourage playing with dolls and dressing up with daughters than with sons. Rough and tumble play is tolerated with boys.
Parents assign different household chores to boys and girls
examples of gender typing in parents
The difference in treatment between boys and girls tends to be greater for who and how?
Fathers
they punish their sons more, and are more accepting of dependence in girls
What might also reflect peer influence of gender roles
early like-sex play
