Ch 4 Flashcards
Children make sense of the world through schemes
children adapt to their environment as they develop by adding and refining their schemes
schemes change from physical, to functional, conceptual, and abstract as the child develops
Basic principles of cognitive development
when new experiences fit into existing schemes, required to benefit from experience
assimilation
when schemes have to be modified as a consequence of new experiences, allows for dealing with completely new data or experiences
accommodation
balance between assimilation and accommodation
equilibrium
more accommodation than assimilation, new stuff can not be explained
disequilibrium
inadequate schemes are replaced with more advanced and mature schemes, all old “cards” can not handle the new, occurs three times during development, resulting in 4 stages of cognitive development
equilibration
What are the periods of cognitive development and what years are they?
sensorimotor period (0-2 years)
preoperational period (2-7 years)
concrete operational period (7-11 years)
formal operational period (11 years and up)
object permanence and using symbols
sensorimotor thinking
egocentrism
animism
centration
conservation
appearance is reality
Preoperational thinking
my perspective of the world is everyones
egocentrism
belief that inanimate objects have feelings and thoughts
animism
learning that just because you made it look different does not mean it is different
conservation
What are the criticisms of Piaget’s theory?
he underestimated cognitive ability in infants and overestimates them in adults
he is vague about mechanisms and processes of change
he does not account for variability in children’s performance
his theory undervalues the influence of sociocultural environment
human thinking is understood along a computer model
mental hardware are neural and mental structures that enable the mind to operate
mental software are mental programs that allow for the performance of specific tasks
General principles of information processing
What are the three types of learning in the information processing processes?
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation
a neutral stimulus becomes able to elicit a response that was previously caused by another stimulus
classical conditioning
behaviors are affected by their consequences
operant conditioning
older children learn by observing others
imitation
What is the memory process in the information processing
as early as 2 to 3 months children remember past events, forget them over time, and remember them again with cues
during the preschool years children develop autobiographical memory for significant events in their own past
the ability to remember the source of the information they recall
source monitoring skills
What are Vygotsky’s theory major contributions
zone of proximal development
scaffolding
the difference between what children can do with and without help from a more experienced guide
teachers should attempt to keep students in this zone in order to achieve maximum achievement
zone of proximal development
giving just enough assistance
studies show that students do not learn as well when told everything to do, nor when left alone to discover on their own
scaffolding
children talk to themselves as they go about difficult tasks
this speech is not intended for others, but for self guidance and regulation
eventually this private speech becomes internalized and becomes inner speech… which was Vygotsky’s term for thought
private speech
What are the big 5 in the road to speech
phonology
morphology
semantics
syntax
pragmatics
basics units of sound, first year
phonology
rules for forming words, first year
morphology
meanings of words and sentences, first year
semantics
rules for how words are combined to make meaningful phrases, 2 year olds
syntax
rules for appropriate use of language in social contexts
pragmatics
consist of phonemes (44)
when a child hears the same phoneme over and over again, receptors in the ear stimulate the formation of connections to the brain’s auditory cortex
language
child-directed speech
high-pitch
emphasize key words
Motherese
turn taking
things have names
joint activities
restating a grammatically incorrect sentence
expansion
negative evidence
a key part in a Childs development
the back and forth is what is essential for children to attain language
conversation
What are the stages of a baby getting ready to talk and when?
cooing (2 months)
babbling (4 months)
mature language sounds (7 months)
consonant vowel and intonation patterns (10 months)
By 15 months how many words do most kids know and can use?
3
does not use a word for enough occasions
underextension
how they think everybody is “mom” usually because their hair matches
overextension
constraints on word names
if an unfamiliar word is heard in the presence of objects that already have names and objects that do not, the other word must refer to one of the objects that does not have a name
names refer to the whole object and not just part of it
fast mapping
At 18 months what does a childs vocabulary range from
25-250
the ability to remember speech sounds briefly
phonological memory
mainly naming of objects, persons, or actions
referential style
includes social phrases
expressive style
two or three word sentences (18 months)
telegraphic speech
often left out by children
words and endings that make a sentence correct
morphemes
the application of rules to words that are exceptions to the rules
overregularization
