Ch 6 Flashcards
Who said the concrete operational period and the formal operational period
Piaget
What is said in the concrete operational period?
- school-age children can perform mental operations
- thinking is bound to the concrete
actions that can be performed on objects or ideas that have a consistent result
mental operations
here and now, cannot deal effectively with abstract or hypothetical
concrete thinking
What is said in the formal operational period?
- around 11 years old
- children can reason abstractly
- adolescents can use deductive reasoning
- they understand that a hypothetical situation may not correspond to a real-world problem
What are the comments on Piaget’s operational veiws?
- adolescents in the formal stage may not always reason at that level
- adolescents’ thinking is often egocentric and irrational
What have other theorists may have pointed out about cognitive development?
cognitive development continues after reaching the formal operational stage
thinking about our thoughts
metacognition
- children learn about there our memory processes and begin to evaluate them
- elementary school aged children can often identify information which they have not learned, but do not focus their attention on learning it
metacognition monitoring
a child’s understanding of memory
metamemory
awareness of one’s own cognitive processes
metacognitive knowledge
- selecting strategies and monitoring adequately
- choosing what works and does not work
cognitive self-regulation
What did Spearman claim?
intelligence is a general factor that affects all aspects of ability
What did Thurstone believe?
- intelligence was actually many different and distinct abilities
What did Carroll postulat?
intelligence may have different levels
What is the top category of intelligence with 8 subcategories below?
Factor g
- sequential reasoning
- inductive reasoning
- quantitative reasoning
Fluid intelligence
- printed language
- language comprehension
- Vocabulary learning
Crystalized intelligence
- simple reaction time
- choice reaction time
- semantic processing speed
processing speed
- based on Piaget and information processing theories
- recognizes 9 types of intelligences
-emphasizes that development is not simultaneous in all areas - takes into consideration that the brain has different regions that have specific abilities
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Who said the emotional intelligence?
Goleman
What is said in the emotional intelligence concept from Goleman?
the ability to use one’s own and others’ emotions effectively for solving problems
- perceiving emotions accurately
- regulating one’s emotions
Based on what Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence, how do people achieve personal goals?
- analytic ability
- creative ability
- practical ability
one analyzes problems and comes up with solutions
analytic ability
involves dealing adaptively with new situations and problems
creative ability
understanding what will work
practical ability
When was the first IQ test?
1904
Who developed a method for identifying children who could not learn in treditional ways?
French governments asked Binet and Simon
What test did Binet and Simon develop?
a test to measure children’s mental age, or the level at which they solved problems
- the first of these test was believed to distinguish between “bright” and “dull” children
Who adapted Binet and Simon’s test?
Terman
What did Terman create?
The intelligent quotient (IQ) which compared the mental age to the chronical age of children
- IQ = MA/CA X 100
Today what is the IQ like?
- they no longer use the MA/CA comparison for computation of IQ
- children’s performance on tests are compared with data of other children their age
above 100
above average
below 100
below average
What are the contemporary IQ tests?
- Stanford Binet V
- WISC-IV
- K-ABC-II
What are the two issues with the IQ test?
Reliability- studies show that the scores on the modern test are relatively stable
Validity- they are moderately good predictors of performance in school and work
What are the heredity factors of the IQ scores
it influences both IQ scores and changes that occur during development
What are the environmental influences of IQ scores?
children’s IQ scores have risen over the past century
Where adopted kids IQ more similar to their biological or adopted parents?
biological parents
Do studies show head start is effective in increasin IQ scores?
yes
What do studies of the intervention program suggest?
intervention works in increasing IQ scores and reading and math levels
While intervention is expensive what can not be overlooked?
the economic and social consequences of poverty and unemployment
What are the differences in scores among ethnic groups and how are they impacted?
- Asian Americans have highest scores
- followed by European Americans
- then Hispanics
- them African Americans
- these are impacted by socioeconomic status however economic disadvantages does not fully explain the difference
What does not adequately explain the differences in IQ scores observed in ethnic groups?
heredity
What do most researchers agree that are the major factors in the difference of ethnic groups?
environmental influences
What may reflect the cultural bias of the test-makers?
content of tests
constructed to include only items that are common to many cultures
Culture-fair intelligence
Test taking skills may be different due to experience with taking standardized test which can reflect what?
culture differences
Scores on an IQ test are intended to predict performance in what?
academic achievement
Even though IQ is successful to a certain degree, where can children with low scores be successful at?
they can be successful in school
What is the “gifted” IQ score?
130
Today definitions of giftedness are also likely to include what?
talents in art, music, writing, and dance
What does exceptional talent stem from?
- love of the subject
- receiving inspiring instruction from an early age
- parents who support and nurture and child’s talent
thinking in novel or unusual directions
divergent thinking
specific conclusion is drawn from information given
convergent thinking
divergent thinking is linked with what?
creativity
convergent thinking is linked with what?
intelligence
- substantially below average intelligence and adaptive behavior
- IQ below 70
intellectual disability
25% of intellectual disability results from some biological or physical problem
organic intellectual disability
the lower end of the normal range of intelligence
familial intellectual disability
What are the four levels of intellectual disability and what is their IQ score? What is the percentage of people with each ID)
- mild (55-60) (85%)
- moderate (40-50) (10%)
- severe (20-30) (4%)
- profound (<20) (1%)
The more extreme forms of ID are usually what?
organic
A child with a learning disability must have what?
- difficulty in one or more academic subject
- normal intelligence
- the disability is not caused by some other condition (poor instruction, sensory deficits)
Roughly how many school-aged children have learning disabilities and what is the most common?
- 10%
- reading disability
US children do not perform in what as well as children from many other countries?
math
Children in Japan and Taiwan spend how much more time in school than US students?
50%
US children spend less time on what?
homework
What parents are more satisfied with their children’s performance in school?
American
How do American and Asian parents differ when it comes to their kids?
- American parents believe ability is more the key to success
- Asian parents consider effort more important than native ability
What are some successful school characteristics?
- staff and students understand excellence is the primary goal of the school
- the school is safe and nurturing
- parents are involved
- progress of students, teachers, and programs is monitored
What do students often associate teacher effectiveness with?
personality features such as caring and warmness
What is higher achievement associated with?
- good classroom management
- taking responsibility for students’ learning
- emphasizing mastery of topics
- attention to pacing
- valuing tutoring
- teaching students to monitor their own learning
